aircraft marshalling

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File:Marshaller Fraport.jpg]]

Marshalling is one-on-one visual communication and a part of aircraft ground handling. It may be as an alternative to, or additional to, radio communications between the aircraft and air traffic control. The usual equipment of a marshaller is a reflective safety vest, a helmet with acoustic earmuffs, and gloves or marshalling wands – handheld illuminated beacons.

At airports, the marshaller signals the pilot to keep turning, slow down, stop, and shut down engines, leading the aircraft to its parking stand or to the runway. Sometimes, the marshaller indicates directions to the pilot by driving a "Follow-Me" car (usually a yellow van or pick-up truck with a checkerboard pattern) prior to disembarking and resuming signalling, though this is not an industry standard.

At busier and better equipped airports, marshallers are replaced on some stands with a Visual Docking Guidance System (VDGS), of which there are many types.File:RAF C-17 being marshalled at Heathrow.ogv Boeing C-17 being marshalled at London Heathrow Airport (2011).]]

On aircraft carriers or helipads, marshallers give take-off and landing clearances to aircraft and helicopters, where the very limited space and time between take-offs and landings makes radio communications a difficult alternative.

Per the most recent U.S. Air Force marshalling instructions from 2012, marshallers "must wear a sleeveless garment of fluorescent international orange. It covers the shoulders and extends to the waist in the front and back. [...] During daylight hours, marshallers may use high visibility paddles. Self-illuminating wands are required at night or during restricted visibility."U.S. Air Force [http://static.e-publishing.af.mil/production/1/acc/publication/afi91-203_accsup/afi91-203_accsup.pdf Flying Operations and Movement on the Ground] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123190545/http://static.e-publishing.af.mil/production/1/acc/publication/afi91-203_accsup/afi91-203_accsup.pdf |date=2018-01-23 }} Flight Rules and Procedures. AIR FORCE INSTRUCTION 11-218, 28 October 2011, Incorporating Change 1, 1 November 2012, 89 pp{{rp|14}}

Marshallers, like other ground personnel, must use protective equipment like protective goggles or "an appropriate helmet with visor, when in rotor wash areas or in front of an aircraft that is being backed using the aircraft's engines."

It also prescribes "earplugs, muff-type ear defenders, or headsets in the immediate area of aircraft that have engines, Auxiliary Power Unit, or Gas Turbine Compressor running."Image:turkish air force transall c-160d followmecar arp.jpg Transall C-160D behind the Follow-me car at RAF Fairford, England.]]

==Noise exposure==

Excessive noise can cause hearing loss in marshallers, either imperceptibly over years or after a one-time acoustic trauma.Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) [http://www.hf.faa.gov/webtraining/Environment/Env3d.htm FAA Webtraining Environment] Human Factors Awareness Course, n.d., accessed 7 January 2015. In the United States noise limits at work are set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).

File:US Navy 110209-N-0864H-813 Culinary Specialist 3rd Class Drew Iverson directs an SH-60F Sea Hawk helicopter to take off from the U.S. 7th Fleet com.jpg of a United States Navy Landing Signalman Enlisted (LSE) directing a SH-60F Sea Hawk to take off using marshalling wands]]

Despite efforts to standaridize aspects of aviation communication, such as terminology and language, hand signals used to guide aircraft on the ground still vary between various major organizations, such as the International Civil Aviation Organization{{cite web |last1=International Civil Aviation Organization |author1-link=International Civil Aviation Organization |title=Annex 2 - Rules of the Air - Tenth Edition |url=https://www.icao.int/Meetings/anconf12/Document%20Archive/an02_cons%5B1%5D.pdf |access-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712111401/https://www.icao.int/Meetings/anconf12/Document%20Archive/an02_cons[1].pdf |archive-date=12 July 2022 |pages=42–54 |language=English |format=PDF |date=July 2005}} North Atlantic Treaty Organization,{{rp|15}} and the Federal Aviation Administration.{{cite web |last1=Federal Aviation Administration |author1-link=Federal Aviation Administration |title=Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) |url=https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/media/aim_bsc_w_chg_1_2_dtd_5-19-22.pdf |website=faa.gov |access-date=22 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712214840/https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/media/aim_bsc_w_chg_1_2_dtd_5-19-22.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2022 |pages=240–243 |language=English |format=PDF |date=17 June 2021}}

During darkness or periods of poor visibility, the signals remain the same, but the signaler should use illuminated marshaling wands, or another handheld light source.

File:Aircraft hand signal all clear.svg|All clear (O.K.)

File:Aircraft hand signal flagman directs.svg|Flagman directs pilot

File:Aircraft hand signal insert chocks.svg|Insert chocks

File:Aircraft hand signal pull chocks.svg|Pull chocks

File:Aircraft hand signal start engine.svg|Start engine (Signaler points at engine to be started.)

File:Aircraft hand signal cut engines.svg|Cut engines

File:Aircraft hand signal proceed straight ahead.svg|Proceed straight ahead

File:Aircraft hand signal turn left.svg|Turn left

File:Aircraft hand signal turn right.svg|Turn right

File:Aircraft hand signal slow down.svg|Slow down

File:Aircraft hand signal stop.svg|Stop

{{Disputed section|date=May 2016}}

File:Helicopter hand signal takeoff.svg|Take off

File:Helicopter hand signal land.svg|Land

File:Helicopter hand signal move upward.svg|Move upward

File:Helicopter hand signal move downward.svg|Move downward

File:Helicopter hand signal move left.svg|Move left

File:Helicopter hand signal move right.svg|Move right

File:Helicopter hand signal move forward.svg|Move forward

File:Helicopter hand signal move rearward.svg|Move rearward

File:Helicopter hand signal hold-hover.svg|Hold hover

File:Helicopter hand signal release load.svg|Release sling load

{{Reflist}}

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• [http://publicapps.caa.co.uk/modalapplication.aspx?appid=11&mode=detail&id=136 UK marshalling signals, airfield markings and lighting standards.], from the CAA.

Category:Aircraft ground handling

Category:Articles containing video clips

Category:Sign systems