airline seat#Seat pitch

Seats are attached to rails underneath the floor which run along the aircraft fuselage. If the airline wants to reconfigure the seating, this is a minor operation. For passenger safety, all airline seats are equipped with seatbelts.

File:EasyJet A319 seat pocket.jpg Airbus A319 plane containing a safety card, magazines, and an airsickness bag]]

Seats are frequently equipped with further amenities. Airline seats may be equipped with a reclining mechanism for increased passenger comfort, either reclining mechanically (usually in economy class and short-haul first and business class) or electrically (usually in long-haul first class and business class). Most aircraft also feature trays for eating and reading, either in the seatback which folds down to form a small table in most economy class seats, or inside the armrest which folds out in most first class, business class, bulkhead, and exit row seats. Most airline seats also feature a pocket which may contain an in-flight magazine and safety instructions.

On small and short-haul aircraft, or on low-cost carriers, some of these amenities may not be installed. For instance, on several aircraft, Ryanair has installed non-reclining seats without seat pockets with the safety manuals stitched to the seat back instead.[http://www.deseretnews.com/article/590045800/Airline-tests-no-frills-tolerance.html?pg=all Airline explores tolerance for frill-free flying] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327023702/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/590045800/Airline-tests-no-frills-tolerance.html?pg=all |date=27 March 2016 }}, Desert News, 18 March 2016. Even on airliners with reclining seats, some seats may have a restricted recline or no recline. Typically this will be the rear row of the cabin where a rear bulkhead blocks the recline, or seats immediately in front of the emergency exit where a reclined seat might restrict access to the emergency exit, creating a potential safety hazard. Independent seat review sites such as SeatGuru often warn passengers against these seats. During take-off and landing the crew ask passengers to put their seats in an "upright" (unreclined) position[http://bestliftchair.tripod.com/acob1948/ Upright position of Seat Backs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327183348/http://bestliftchair.tripod.com/acob1948/ |date=27 March 2016 }}, FAA safety bulletin, USA. and to lift and stow their tray tables.

File:Emirates A380 seat-back screen with tail camera.jpg) on an Emirates Airbus A380 showing the view of Dubai International Airport from the tail-mounted camera]]

Seats may be equipped with power ports (either EmPower, AC, DC, or USB power-only sockets) for small electrical appliances and ports for headphones for the audio entertainment. Most full service airlines also include personal video screens as part of the in-flight entertainment system on long-haul aircraft - but some aircraft use a bring-your-own-device system where passengers use their own devices. The screens are often touchscreens or can be controlled by remote handsets. In economy and premium economy the screen is normally in a seatback, but in a front row seat or premium cabin they may need to be pulled out from a special compartment after takeoff, and then returned there for landing.

Most long-haul aircraft (and short-haul aircraft on some airlines) feature seats with adjustable headrests in all classes, allowing the passenger to adjust the headrest for comfort.

Electrically adjustable lumbar support is found on most long-haul first class and business class seats. Rarely, economy class may also include a mechanically adjustable lumbar support on some long-haul aircraft. However, with the trend towards slimline seats in economy class, this amenity has mostly vanished from most new economy class seat installations.

Some business class seats, such as the Recaro CL 4420, have a built-in massaging feature.

File:Qantas Business Skybed.jpg "Skybed" business class seat]]

Some business class cabins feature seats that recline to a sloped flat position. These "lie flat at an angle" seats allow for greater comfort than traditional recliner seats, but are less comfortable than fully horizontal flat bed seating.

Most international first-class and a growing number of international business-class cabins feature seats which recline to a full-horizontal flat position, forming a bed.

Some airlines are introducing new "slimline" seats in economy class. While "slimline" is not a defined term, slimline seats have less padding in the back.

Slimline seats weigh less than full-size seats, and are claimed to allow airlines to increase capacity without significantly affecting passenger comfort. Many passengers however, have expressed displeasure with these seats. Moreover, the US Department of Transportation (DOT) has begun to explore the safety issues associated with increased aircraft capacity and reduced seat pitch that results from the installation of "slimline" seats. In an 14 April 2015 hearing of the DOT's Advisory Committee for Aviation Consumer Protection, Cynthia Corbett, an investigator for the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Civil Aerospace Medical Institute, discussed concerns regarding the emergency evacuation of higher capacity aircraft.{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cp8s-Kf6gtw&t=889|title=Advisory Committee for Aviation Consumer Protection|last=Media Center|date=8 April 2015|via=YouTube|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517025755/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cp8s-Kf6gtw|archive-date=17 May 2016}} The citizens' group "Flyers Rights" brought a case against the FAA in 2017, arguing that the agency had a responsibility to prevent seats from becoming so cramped as to become a safety issue in an emergency.

This type of seat was pioneered by Recaro, but several other manufacturers (such as Weber Aircraft LLC and B/E Aerospace) have introduced their own slimline seats as well. These seats may or may not feature moveable headrests, and generally do not feature adjustable lumbar support.

A newer innovation by Zodiac Seats U.S. (formerly Weber Aircraft LLC) is an articulating seat bottom, where the seat bottom moves forward in addition to the seat back tilting backwards.[http://www.weberair.com/seating-systems/documents/5751.pdf Weber 5751] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406070124/http://www.weberair.com/seating-systems/documents/5751.pdf |date=6 April 2012 }}, [http://www.weberair.com/ Weber Aircraft LLC] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330230513/http://www.weberair.com/ |date=30 March 2008 }}. Such seats have been installed in some of the aircraft of Aer Lingus, Delta Air Lines, Emirates,{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} American Airlines, and Avianca, amongst others. This seating was eventually adopted by competitors such as B/E Aerospace and Recaro.

File:ARTurista.JPG wide body jet (Airbus A340-200)]]

File:N3744F cabin1.jpg) with Zodiac Aerospace model 5751 slimline seats]]

File:Metroliner interior.JPG]]

{{see also|Aircraft seat map}}

Airline cabins are frequently classified as narrow-body if there is a single aisle with seats on either side, or wide-body if there are two aisles with a block of seats between them in addition to the seats on the side.

The number of seats abreast is affected by the aircraft width. On very small aircraft such as the Beechcraft 1900 there are only individual seats on each side of the aisle (1+1 seating). The widest narrow body aircraft such as the Airbus A320 family and Boeing 737 aircraft have six abreast seating in a 3+3 layout. Asymmetrical layouts also exist, examples including the Embraer Regional Jet which has 1+2 seating while the Douglas DC-9, Sukhoi Superjet 100 and Airbus A220 aircraft typically feature 2+3 seating.

On wide body-aircraft the center block of seats between the aisles can have as many as 5 seats on planes like the layout on most McDonnell Douglas DC-10 and some Boeing 777 aircraft, although Boeing recommends the 3+3+3 over the 2+5+2 layout.[http://www.independenttraveler.com/resources/article.cfm?AID=161&category=13 The Shrinking Airline Seat] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061224151004/http://www.independenttraveler.com/resources/article.cfm?AID=161&category=13 |date=24 December 2006 }}, [http://www.independenttraveler.com/ The Independent Traveller.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061225174519/http://www.independenttraveler.com/ |date=25 December 2006 }}. Very wide planes such as the Boeing 747 or the Airbus A380 have ten seats abreast, typically in a 3+4+3 layout, although this layout is also sometimes used as a high density layout on aircraft normally seating nine abreast, such as the 777 or DC-10. Recently, airlines have been adopting ten abreast seating on the Boeing 777-300 aircraft.{{Cite news |last=Ostrower |first=Jon |last2=Michaels |first2=Daniel |date=2013-10-23 |title=The Incredible Shrinking Plane Seat |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304384104579141941949066648.html |access-date=2024-01-04 |work=Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}} On the Boeing 787, a nine seat 3+3+3 layout has been adopted as the norm by all carriers with the exception of an eight seat 2+4+2 layout on Japan Airlines that afforded a more spacious seating experience for its passengers.{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Manas |date=27 March 2023 |title=7 airlines that have the best economy class seats in 2023 |url=https://sg.style.yahoo.com/7-airlines-best-economy-class-092224694.html |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Yahoo Lifestyle |language=en-SG}}

While there are some exceptions, most commercial aircraft seats are forward-facing and on military aircraft seats are frequently rearward-facing. Southwest Airlines previously offered a few rearward-facings seats on some aircraft but that scheme has now ended. Rearward-facing seats are also common on business jets, to provide a conference-type layout. British Airways, United Airlines and American Airlines also have rearward-facing seats in their Club World (except in the A350), domestic 777-200 United First and (select) Business Class Cabins, respectively. It has been argued that rearward-facing seats are safer because in the event of a crash, the sudden deceleration will propel the passenger into a rearward-facing seat instead of out of it, meaning the force is distributed over the entire seat back, instead of the straps of the seat belt. The argument against such seats has been based on passenger comfort, safety and cost. It could be argued that passengers who desire the natural layout of forward-facing seats may be uncomfortable with a rearward layout. On the safety aspect, the argument has been that during a plane crash, debris, such as luggage, will fly forward in the cabin, quite possibly into the passengers in rearward-facing seats. On the cost aspect, rearward-facing seats need additional strengthening which adds extra weight and therefore higher fuel costs.J.T. Bushnell, [http://www.mailtribune.com/archive/2001/august/080501n1.htm Flying backward, flying safer], Mail Tribune, Southern Oregon, USA, August 2001. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214143813/http://www.mailtribune.com/archive/2001/august/080501n1.htm |date=14 December 2006 }}

Many airlines provide maps of their seating configurations on the various aircraft they fly.

For airlines which don't have seat maps, websites like SeatGuru show seat maps for the aforementioned airlines.

Window seats are located at the sides of the aircraft, and usually next to a window, although some aircraft have seat rows where there is a window missing. Window seats are preferred by passengers who want to have a view, or a wall which they can lean against. Passengers in seats adjacent to the aisle have the advantage of being able to leave the seat without having to clamber over the other passengers, and having an aisle they can stretch their legs into. If a seat block has three or more seats, there will also be middle seats which are unpopular because the passenger is sandwiched between two other passengers without advantages of either window or aisle seats.[http://www.faqs.org/faqs/travel/air/handbook/part3/section-11.html Air Traveller's Handbook] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929130323/http://www.faqs.org/faqs/travel/air/handbook/part3/section-11.html |date=29 September 2007 }}. Middle seats are typically booked last.[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/window-or-aisle/ Window Or Aisle?] CBS News, 4 July 2003.

File:JAL First Class domestic seats.jpg

When evaluating the size (and comfort) of a seat, the main terms used are pitch and width. No minimum limits have been prescribed by aviation authorities for seat sizing on transport category aircraft.{{Cite web |last=Stempel |first=Jonathan |date=4 March 2023 |title=U.S. court won't require FAA to make airplane seat size, spacing rules |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/us-court-wont-require-faa-make-airplane-seat-size-spacing-rules-2023-03-03 |website=Reuters}}

It was reported in 2016 that the average distance between seat rows (pitch) had declined to {{convert|79|cm|in}}, from over {{convert|89|cm|in}}, while the average seat width had shrunk to {{convert|43|cm|in}} from {{convert|46|cm|in}} in the previous two decades.{{cite news|last1=Marchitelli|first1=Rosa|title=Air Canada passenger suffers 'horrible pain' after being stuck in cramped seat|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/shrinking-seats-airplanes-long-haul-flights-blood-clot-health-risk-1.3599406|access-date=30 May 2016|work=CBC|date=30 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531073610/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/shrinking-seats-airplanes-long-haul-flights-blood-clot-health-risk-1.3599406|archive-date=31 May 2016}}

Seat pitch is defined as the space between a point on one seat and the same point on the seat in front of it. In almost all cases, seat pitch increases with class of travel (economy, business, first, etc.) For many carriers, the pitch in economy class is {{convert|29|to|32|in|cm}}. Legroom depends upon seat pitch and the thickness of the seat back. Airlines have claimed that a reduction of seat pitch can be compensated for by a thinner seat-back design.

American Airlines' business class seat pitches in their former Boeing 767-200s were {{convert|62|in|cm}}, the largest in any short-haul business class.{{cite web|url=http://www.seatguru.com/charts/shorthaul_first_class.php|title=Short-haul First/Business Class Comparison Chart|publisher=SeatGuru|access-date=28 November 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091130051130/http://www.seatguru.com/charts/shorthaul_first_class.php| archive-date= 30 November 2009 | url-status= live}} US Airways, now merged with American Airlines, have first-class flatbed seats in their Airbus A330-300s with a seat pitch of 94 inches (2 inches short of 8 feet) or 240 cm (2.4 meters){{cite web|url=http://www.seatguru.com/charts/longhaul_first_class.php|title=Long-haul First Class Comparison Chart|publisher=SeatGuru|access-date=28 November 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091114081800/http://www.seatguru.com/charts/longhaul_first_class.php| archive-date= 14 November 2009 | url-status= live}}

In 2010 the seat pitch on low-cost carriers could be as low as {{convert|28|in|cm}} in the case of Spirit Airlines but was typically {{convert|29|in|cm}} or {{convert|30|in|cm}}.{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/travel/flights/item.aspx?type=blog&ak=89176.blog |title=Spirit Airlines adds non-reclining seats to new planes |newspaper=USA Today |access-date=22 April 2010 |first=Ben |last=Mutzabaugh |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524160933/http://www.usatoday.com/travel/flights/item.aspx?type=blog&ak=89176.blog |archive-date=24 May 2010 }}

File:Passenger Experience Week 2018, Hamburg (1X7A3600).jpg

There is some ambiguity about the meaning of "seat width". It can be taken as the width enclosed by the armrests on each side, i.e., the width available to sit in, or as the distance from the midpoint of one armrest to the midpoint of the next, a larger figure by the width of an armrest, and the width available for the shoulders (it is also one-third of the width of a block of three identical seats). It is thought that most airlines use the first of these figures.{{cite web |url=https://runwaygirlnetwork.com/2015/04/30/those-confusing-aircraft-seat-measurements-explained/ |title=Those confusing aircraft seat measurements, explained|website=runwaygirlnetwork.com|date=30 April 2015 |author=John Walton |access-date= 19 December 2019}} In Economy class this width was typically {{convert|43|to|46|cm|in|sp=us}} in 2003.[http://www.sptimes.com/2003/07/21/Business/The_Chair.shtml The Chair] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061130163335/http://www.sptimes.com/2003/07/21/Business/The_Chair.shtml |date=30 November 2006 }}. St Petersburg Times, 21 July 2003.

In 2013, Airbus said, for long haul flights, there should be an industry standard for a minimum seat width of 18 inches in economy cabins, but its rival Boeing argued it was up for airlines to decide.{{cite news|title=Boeing, Airbus feud over airline seat width|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2013/11/01/boeing-airbus-feud-over-airline-seat-width/|access-date=30 May 2016|work=The Chicago Tribune|agency=Reuters|date=1 November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701094906/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-11-01/business/chi-jetmakers-feud-over-airline-seat-widths-20131101_1_airbus-john-leahy-plane-giants|archive-date=1 July 2016}} People have been getting wider: the weight of the average American male in his 40s had increased by 10 percent in the 30 years from the 1970 introduction of the Boeing 747. The narrower 17-inch-wide seat favoured by Boeing is a legacy from the 1950s when passenger jets were first introduced. In the 1970s and 1980s with the introduction of the Boeing 747 and the first Airbus jets, 18 inches become standard for long-haul flights.{{cite news|last1=Ostrower|first1=Jon|last2=Michaels|first2=Daniel|title=The Incredible Shrinking Plane Seat|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304384104579141941949066648|access-date=30 May 2016|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=23 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611172105/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304384104579141941949066648|archive-date=11 June 2016}} Seats were widened to 18.5 inches with the Boeing 777 in the 1990s and A380 superjumbo in the 2000s. Many airlines are adopting lighter 17-inch-wide seats on their Boeing 777 and 787 and 18-inch seats for A350s. Although for almost 20 years, the standard setup in the back of a Boeing 777 was nine seats per row, in 2012 nearly 70% of the biggest version of that plane were delivered with 10-abreast seating. When Airbus introduced its A380, it offered 10-abreast seating, giving each passenger up to 19 inches of hip space. In 2013, ten airlines fly Airbus A330 with nine 16.7-inch seats in each row, rather than the eight it was designed for. A research report commissioned by Airbus concluded that an extra inch in seat width improves sleep quality by 53 percent.

Seat width has varied over time. In 1985 none of the main four US carriers offered a seat less than 19 inches wide. Since the beginning of the 21st Century until 2018 average seat width decreased from 18.5 to 17 inches, and sometimes as low as 16.1 inches.{{cite web |url=https://qz.com/quartzy/1324754/airline-seats-are-getting-narrower-and-passengers-dont-like-it/ |title=Airline seats are getting narrower—and passengers don't like it|website=Quartz |date=10 July 2018 |author=Rosie Spinksaccessdate= 18 December 2019}} In 2023, it was noted that seat widths began increasing but legroom decreased.{{Cite web |last=Boyd |first=Michael |title=Airline Seats Are Not Shrinking. Just The Opposite. But Legroom... |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeboyd/2023/01/03/airline-seats-are-not-shrinking-just-the-opposite-but-legroom/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Forbes |language=en}}

{{multiple image

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| header = Flight boarding for a passenger in a wheelchair

| image1 = A wheelchair bound customer on an aisle-chair, tied with three straps, to be carried into an airplane seat.jpg

| alt1 =

| caption1 = A passenger triple-strapped into an "aisle chair" for assisted boarding

| image2 = Aisle-chair for handling wheelchair-bound people in airplanes.jpg

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| caption2 = An aisle chair

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{{main|Aisle chair}}

An airplane "aisle chair" is a mobile seat provided by airlines for passengers who require the use of a wheelchair. While most trains, buses and other forms of public transportation have space for a passenger's own wheelchair for seating and a ramp or lift assist for boarding, airplane aisles are too narrow for conventional wheelchairs. The aisle chair affords the wheelchair passenger assisted mobility in boarding and disembarking, and in-flight movement within the cabin such as to the lavatory.{{cite web|last1=Webb|first1=Jonathan|title=Air Travel for Wheel Chair Users|url=http://www.disabledtraveladvice.co.uk/air-travel-for-wheel-chair-users.html|website=disabledtraveladvice.co.uk|access-date=11 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708011612/http://www.disabledtraveladvice.co.uk/air-travel-for-wheel-chair-users.html|archive-date=8 July 2017}}

File:Leather Seats in Boeing 737-800, Biman Flight BG-089 (S2-AFL).JPG Boeing 737-800. Besides adding luxury, two main reasons for using leather seats are that the material is easy to clean and that it prevents soaking of spilt liquid into padding.]]

Airline seats are designed to be lightweight, but at the same time strong and fire resistant, while also taking into account passenger comfort. A typical design is an aluminium frame with blocks of polyurethane foam attached to it. In some cases a layer of fire-resistant fabric, for instance Kevlar or Nomex goes over this, and at the top is a layer of cloth or leather.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

Leather seats are more costly than traditional cloth seats. Even so, several airlines, including low-cost carriers, choose leather not only to present a more "luxurious" product, but also because such seats are easier to clean and prevent spilt liquids from soaking through to the padding for reduced turnaround issues.{{cite news |url= http://www.mro-network.com/cabin-interiors-inflight-entertainment/leather-seat-covers-help-american-reduce-delays |title= Leather Seat Covers Help American Reduce Delays |author= Madhu Unnikrishnan |date= 27 April 2017 |work= MRO network |publisher= Aviation Week |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170428021857/http://www.mro-network.com/cabin-interiors-inflight-entertainment/leather-seat-covers-help-american-reduce-delays |archive-date= 28 April 2017 }}

In the fairly early days of aviation, airline seats were typically of soft, earthy colors such as light browns and gray, which were intended to calm the passengers. During the 1970s, brighter colors such as red and orange became more commonplace. After this, shades of blue and gray, with a more business-like tone, became the most common choice.[http://www.airliners.net/articles/read.main?id=50 History of Airline Design] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207220437/http://www1.airliners.net/articles/read.main?id=50 |date=7 December 2006 }}, Airliners.net. However, certain airlines such as Austrian Airlines, Emirates and Singapore Airlines still use soft colours on seats.

File:CRJ200 Passenger signs.jpg. The speakers are ahead of the seat belt lights in this perspective, and the attendant call button is the oval button ahead of the reading lights.]]

File:B737-Belüftung und Schalter.jpg

Generally, every individual seat position (except for the last ones at the rear of the cabin) has a small set of auxiliary controls built into the seat back for the passenger directly behind the seat. The seat itself normally contains a small flip-out, extendable tray table (which must be folded away during takeoff and landing), and, on most wide-body international aircraft, an LCD video screen directly above the tray table (earlier aircraft had a single large projection screen at the front of each cabin). Directly above the seat (on the cabin ceiling) is a console for the passenger service unit. The controls on the PSU console may include:

• An air-conditioning nozzle whose airflow and orientation can be adjusted by the passenger. This feature is found on most narrowbody aircraft, but many airlines omit them on many newer widebody aircraft (such as the Boeing 777).
• A reading light (often very similar in appearance to the nozzle) that can be turned on by the passenger for extra light, especially when the main cabin lights are turned off. The buttons to turn the lights on and off are usually located directly on the overhead console on most narrowbody aircraft, while on most widebody aircraft, the buttons are usually found together with the in-flight entertainment (IFE) controls, which may be on the armrests, the seat backs, or a touch-screen interface.
• A call button, that, when pressed, alerts a flight attendant on board to attend to the passengers in the row with the pressed button (a quiet audio signal in the galley and various lights alert flight attendants). As with the reading light buttons, the call button is usually located directly on the overhead console on most narrowbody aircraft, while they are found together with IFE controls on most widebody aircraft.
• The "fasten seat belt" sign which is illuminated during takeoff and landing, and during turbulence. Older aircraft preceding the banning of smoking may still have a "no smoking" sign; newer aircraft may have a "turn off electronic devices" sign instead.

At window seats there are window shades for protection from sunlight. Regulations require them to be open during landings and takeoffs, to provide visibility into and out of the aircraft in emergencies. Some airlines request passengers to keep the window shades down, in addition to muting cabin lighting, during times when most passengers will want to sleep. The Boeing 787 Dreamliner and newer Airbus A350 aircraft uses electrochromic windows instead of window covers. Many armrests provide devices for reclining the chair, control handsets for in-flight entertainment systems. Ashtrays, universally provided when smoking was permitted, are still sometimes provided for small detritus.

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Category:Airliner seating

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