al-Khazini

{{Short description|Persian astronomer and mechanician (1100–1200)}}

{{About|the 12th century scientist|the 10th century astronomer and physician|Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin}}

{{Infobox scientist

| occupation = Scientist

| era = Islamic Golden Age

| image =

| caption =

| name = al-Khazini

| birth_date = 11th century

| death_date = 12th century

| birth_place = Seljuk Empire

| fields = Astronomy, Mathematics, Physics, Mechanics, Metallurgy

| notable_ideas =

}}

Abū al-Fath Abd al-Rahman Mansūr al-Khāzini or simply al-Khāzini ({{native name|fa|أبوالفتح عبدالرحمن منصور الخازنی}}, flourished 1115–1130) was an Iranian astronomer, mechanician and physicist of Byzantine Greek origin who lived during the Seljuk Empire.{{Cite journal|last=Vernet|first=J.|date=2012-04-24|title=al-K̲h̲āzinī|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/al-khazini-SIM_4271?lang=fr|journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|language=en}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-iran/persian-science-in-safavid-times/6044DA0EA53369B4E2AD7835D6BB6486|title=PERSIAN SCIENCE IN SAFAVID TIMES|last=Winter|first=H. J. J.|date=February 1986|website=The Cambridge History of Iran|language=en}}{{Cite web|url=http://ghiasabadi.com/khazeni.html|title=پژوهش‌های ایرانی {{!}} سرنوشت خازنی: داستان غم انگیز دانشمندان ایران|language=fa-IR|access-date=2020-04-08}}{{cite book|last1=Durant|first1=Will|author-link1=Will Durant|last2=Durant|first2=Ariel|author-link2=Ariel Durant|title=The Story of Civilization: The Age of Faith|year=2011|orig-year=1950|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cusRoE1OJvEC&pg=PP352|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=9781451647617|page=352}} His astronomical tables, written under the patronage of Sultan Sanjar ({{lang|ar|Zīj al-Sanjarī}}, 1115), are considered to be one of the major works in mathematical astronomy of the medieval period.Montelle, C. (2011). The ‘Well-Known Calendars’: Al-Khāzinī’s Description of Significant Chronological Systems for Medieval Mathematical Astronomy in Arabic. In Steele J. (Ed.), Calendars and Years II: Astronomy and Time in the Ancient and Medieval World (pp. 107-126). Oxford; Oakville: Oxbow Books.{{rp|107}} He is considered to have been one of the greatest scientists of his era,{{Cite book |last=Bosworth |first=Clifford Edmund |url=https://books.google.gr/books?id=ELrRr0L8UOsC&pg=PA215 |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |date=1992 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1596-4 |pages=215 |language=en}} among the greatest makers of scientific instruments of any time,Robert E. Hall (1973). "Al-Khazini", Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. VII, p. 336. and as "the physicist of all physicists".{{Cite journal |last=Afridi |first=Muhammad Adil |date=2013 |title=Contribution of Muslim Scientists to the World: An Overview of Some Selected Fields |url=https://journals.iium.edu.my/revival/index.php/revival/article/view/86 |journal=Revelation and Science |volume=3 |issue=01 |pages=44 |doi=10.31436/revival.v3i01.86}}

Al-Khazini is one of the few Islamic astronomers to be known for doing original observations.Al-Khāzinī, Abu’l-Fath ‘Abd Al-Raḥmān [Sometimes Abū Manṣūr ’ Abd Al-Raḥmān or ’Abd Al-Rahmān Manṣūr]., In: Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography., 2008, pp. 335–351 He provided the positions of fixed stars, and for oblique ascensions and time-equations for the latitude of Marv in which he was based.Meyerhof, M. (1948). 'Alī al-Bayhaqī's Tatimmat Siwān al-Hikma: A Biographical Work on Learned Men of the Islam. Osiris, 8, 122-217.{{rp|197}} He also wrote extensively on various calendrical systems and on the various manipulations of the calendars. He also devised the world's most precise instrument for weighing ordinary objects, determining specific gravities, and even examining the composition of alloys. On the basis of his detailed description, it has been possible to reconstruct his complex mechanism, which he dubbed "The Comprehensive Balance".{{Cite book |last=Starr |first=S. Frederick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWyYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA397 |title=Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane |date=2015-06-02 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-16585-1 |pages=397 |language=en}} Modern study affirms his claim to its extraordinary accuracy of 1:60,000.

Al-Khazini was the author of an encyclopedia on scales and water-balances called The Book of the Balance of Wisdom ({{lang|ar|Kitab Mizan al-Hikmah, 1121}}), which explored theories of density, specific gravities of metals, precious stones, and liquids, as well as principles of equilibrium.{{citation|title=Al-Khāzinī, Abu'l-Fath 'Abd Al-Raḥmān [Sometimes Abū Manṣūr ' Abd Al-Raḥmān or 'Abd Al-Rahmān Manṣūr].|date=2008|publisher=Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.|pages=335–351}}Khanikoff, N. “Analysis and Extracts of كتاب ميزان الحكمة Book of the Balance of Wisdom, An Arabic Work on the Water-Balance, Written by ’Al-Khâzinî in the Twelfth Century.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 6, 1858, pp. 1–128. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/592172. Accessed 16 Dec. 2024. The book is thought to have been "one of the most sophisticated and advanced balances to be designed and manufactured in the medieval Islamic world",{{Cite journal |last=Yassi |first=Yousef |last2=Yassi |first2=Reza |date=2020 |title=Al-Khazini’s Balance of Wisdom: A Masterpiece of Medieval Engineering |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/nun/36/1/article-p49_3.xml |journal=Nuncius |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=49–66 |doi=10.1163/18253911-03503003 |issn=0394-7394}} and "the most comprehensive work on [weighing] in the Middle Ages, from any cultural area".

Life

Al-Khazini was an emancipated Greek slave in Marv,{{rp|197}}{{citation |last=Rosenfeld |first=B. |title=Book reviews: Middle ages & renaissance. |date=1994 |pages=85(4), 686 |publisher=Journal of the History of Science in Society}} which was then one of the most important cities of Khorasan. He got his name from his master ({{lang|ar|Abu‘l Husayn ‘Alī ibn Muhammad al-Khāzin al-Marwazī}}) who was the treasurer of Marv.{{rp|107}} The term khāzin was simply the title of the royal treasurer since the early Islamic period.{{cite web|last1=Floor|first1=Willem|title=kazinadar|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kazinadar|website=Encyclopædia Iranica|access-date=4 December 2017}} His master made provisions so that al-Khazini could obtain a first-class education. Some believe that al-Khazini was a pupil of Omar Khayyam. While this is not known, he wrote about Khayyam, in particular, he gave a description of the water-balance invented by him (and improved upon by Al-Isfizari).{{rp|176}} And according to some sources, he collaborated with him on the reformation of the Persian calendar in 1079.Mehdi Aminrazavi, The Wine of Wisdom: The Life, Poetry and Philosophy of Omar Khayyam, Oneworld Publications (2007){{rp|199}}

Al-Khazini was known for being a humble man. He refused thousands of Dinar for his works, saying he did not need much to live on because it was only his cat and himself in his household. Al-Khazini was one of only about twenty astronomers of the Islamic era who performed original observations. His works reached Byzantium in the 14th century, in particular, they were studied by George Chrysococces and later by Theodore Meliteniotes.{{rp|107}}

Achievements

Al Khazini seems to have been a high government official under Sanjar ibn Malikshah and the sultan of the Seljuk Empire. He did most of his work in Merv, where they are known for their libraries. His best-known works are "The Book of the Balance of Wisdom", "Treatise on Astronomical Wisdom", and "The Astronomical Tables for Sanjar".

"The Book of the Balance of Wisdom" is an encyclopedia of medieval mechanics and hydrostatics composed of eight books with fifty chapters. It is a study of the hydrostatic balance and the ideas behind statics and hydrostatics, it also covers other unrelated topics. There are four different manuscripts of "The Book of the Balance of Wisdom" that have survived. The balance al-Khazini built for Sanjar's treasury was modeled after the balance al-Asfizari, who was a generation older than al-Khazini, built. Sanjar's treasurer out of fear destroyed al-Asfizari's balance; he was filled with grief when he heard the news. Al-Khazini called his balance "combined balance" to show honor towards Al-Asfizari. The meaning of the balance was a "balance of true judgment". The job of this balance was to help the treasury see what metals were precious and which gems were real or fake. In "The Book of the Balance of Wisdom" al-Khazini states many different examples from the Koran ways that his balance fits into religion. When al-Khazini explains the advantages of his balance he says that it "performs the functions of skilled craftsmen", its benefits are theoretical and practical precision.

The "Treatise on Astronomical Wisdom" is a relatively short work. It has seven parts and each part is assigned to a different scientific instrument. The seven instruments include: a triquetrum, a dioptra, a "triangular instrument," a quadrant, devices involving reflection, an astrolabe, and simple tips for viewing things with the naked eye. The treatise describes each instrument and its uses.

"The Astronomical Tables for Sanjar" is said to have been composed for Sultan Sanjar, the ruler of Merv and his balance was made for Sanjar's treasury. The tables in "The Astronomical Tables for Sanjar" are tables of holidays, fasts, etc. The tables are said to have the latitudes and longitudes of forty-three different stars, along with their magnitudes and (astrological) temperaments. It is said that al-Khazini's observations for this work were probably done in Merv in various observatories with high quality instruments.