alarm fatigue

The constant sounds of alarms and noises from blood pressure machines, ventilators and heart monitors causes a "tuning out" of the sounds due to the brain adjusting to stimulation. This issue is present in hospitals, in home care providers, nursing homes and other medical facilities alike. The US Food and Drug Administration cataloged 566 deaths from ignored alarms in the period 2005 to 2008.[https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/06/16/opinion/medical-devices-that-are-music-our-ears-could-save-lives/ Medical devices that are music to our ears could save lives] The United States-based Joint Commission's sentinel event reports 80 alarm-related deaths and 13 alarm-related serious injuries over the course of a few years. On April 18, 2013, the Joint Commission issued a sentinel event alert that highlighted the widespread problem of alarm fatigue in hospitals. Their recommendations included establishing guidelines to tailor alarm settings, training all members of the clinical team on safe use of alarms, and sharing information about alarm-related incidents. This alert resulted in designation in 2014 of clinical alarm system safety as a National Patient Safety Goal and it remains a goal in 2017.[https://www.jointcommission.org/assets/1/6/2017_NPSG_HAP_ER.pdf PDF] This Goal will force hospitals to establish alarm safety as a priority, identify the most important alarms, and establish policies to manage alarms by January 2016.{{cite web|last=The Joint Commission|title=The Joint Commission Announces 2014 National Patient Safety Goal|url=http://www.jointcommission.org/assets/1/18/JCP0713_Announce_New_NSPG.pdf|accessdate=21 October 2013}}Monegain, Bernie. "'Alarm Fatigue' Endangers Patients." Healthcare IT News. HIMSS Media, 9 April 2013. Web. 24 January 2014 ECRI Institute has listed alarms on its "Top Ten Hazards List"{{cite web|url=https://www.ecri.org/press/Pages/2014-Top-10-Health-Technology-Hazards-Report.aspx|title=ECRI Institute Releases Top 10 Health Technology Hazards Report for 2014|access-date=2015-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305005415/https://www.ecri.org/press/Pages/2014-Top-10-Health-Technology-Hazards-Report.aspx|archive-date=2016-03-05|url-status=dead}} since 2007; in 2014, alarms were listed as the number one hazard.

The large number of alarms, especially of false alarms, has led to several unintended outcomes. Some consequences are disruption in patient care,{{cite web|last=Healthcare Technology Foundation|title=2011 National Clinical Alarms Survey|url=https://www.aami.org/docs/default-source/foundation/alarms/2011-htfalarmssurveyfinal.pdf|accessdate=21 October 2013}} desensitization to alarms,{{cite journal|last=Borowski|first=M|author2=Görges, M|author3= Fried, R|author4= Such, O|author5= Wrede, C|author6= Imhoff, M|title=Medical device alarms.|journal= Biomedizinische Technik/Biomedical Engineering|date=April 2011|volume=56|issue=2|pages=73–83|pmid=21366502|doi=10.1515/bmt.2011.005|s2cid=17511189}} anxiety in hospital staff and patients, sleep deprivation and depressed immune systems, misuse of monitor equipment including "work-arounds" such as turning down alarm volumes or adjusting device settings,{{Cite journal|date=2019-04-01|title=Air-in-Line Alarms: Decreasing Alarms Through Antisiphon Valve Implementation|url=https://cjon.ons.org/cjon/23/2/air-line-alarms-decreasing-alarms-through-antisiphon-valve-implementation|journal=Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing|volume=23|issue=2|pages=209–211|language=en|doi=10.1188/19.CJON.209-211|last1=Meade|first1=Karen|last2=Catania|first2=Kimberly|last3=Lopez|first3=Ben|last4=Connell|first4=Ryan|pmid=30880809|s2cid=81977608}}Joint Commission. (2013). Medical device alarm safety in hospitals. Sentinel Event Alert, 50, 1–3. and missed critical events.{{cite journal|last=Graham|first=KC|author2=Cvach, M|title=Monitor alarm fatigue: standardizing use of physiological monitors and decreasing nuisance alarms.|journal=American Journal of Critical Care|date=January 2010|volume=19|issue=1|pages=28–34; quiz 35|pmid=20045845|doi=10.4037/ajcc2010651}} Some additional outcomes include workload increase, interference with communication, wasted time, patient dissatisfaction, and unnecessary investigations, referrals, or treatments.

There are many solutions proposed to reduce alarm fatigue in healthcare settings:{{Cite web|url=https://www.vitalacy.com/post/national-patient-safety-goals-clinical-alarm-systems|title=National Patient Safety Goals: Reducing the Harm Associated with Clinical Alarm Systems|last=Copeland|first=CS|date=5 February 2019|website=Vitalacy|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}

• Change alarm sounds to be softer and friendlier in order to improve identification of alarms by sound alone. Another recommendation is for clinicians to adjust the parameters and delays to alarms to match the patient's traits and status. However, this directly trades sensitivity for specificity.
• Use centralized alarms. In this approach, alarms do not fire at the bedside, but fire at a central monitoring station where a trained healthcare provider evaluates each alarm and alerts the bedside clinician if they should intervene or evaluate the patient.{{cite journal |vauthors=Cantillon DJ, Loy M, Burkle A, Pengel S, Brosovich D, Hamilton A, Khot UN, Lindsay BD |title=Association Between Off-site Central Monitoring Using Standardized Cardiac Telemetry and Clinical Outcomes Among Non-Critically Ill Patients |journal=JAMA |volume=316 |issue=5 |pages=519–24 |year=2016 |pmid=27483066 |doi=10.1001/jama.2016.10258 }}
• Adjust alarm algorithms. Currently, the alarm systems are very sensitive but not specific. This leads to a large amount of false alarms. The algorithms used can be adjusted to balance between sensitivity and specificity to limit the number of false alarms and still detect true deterioration.{{cite journal|last=Blum|first=JM|author2=Tremper, KK|title=Alarms in the intensive care unit: too much of a good thing is dangerous: is it time to add some intelligence to alarms?|journal=Critical Care Medicine|date=February 2010|volume=38|issue=2|pages=702–3|pmid=20083933|doi=10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181bfe97f}}

The Amber alert system used in countries such as the United States and Canada to notify the public of a child abduction has been theorized as being susceptible to alarm fatigue.{{cite book|last=Snow|first=Robert L.|title=Child Abduction: Prevention, Investigation, and Recovery: Prevention|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2008|isbn=9780313347870}}{{cite news|last=Wood|first=Daniel B.|title=Amber alert fatigue? Alerts on cell phones set Californians buzzing.|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2013/0807/Amber-alert-fatigue-Alerts-on-cell-phones-set-Californians-buzzing|date=2017-08-07}} A 2018 abduction in Thunder Bay resulted in an amber alert being sent to cell phones as far away as Ottawa, some 15 hours' drive from Thunder Bay, followed one hour later by a second alert which notified individuals that the first alert had been resolved.{{cite news|title=Mobile users warn of 'apathy' after alerts ring out for Thunder Bay abduction|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/amber-alert-thunder-bay-ottawa-1.4658550|date=2018-05-14|work=CBC News}} A similar double alert occurred on a single night in February 2019, leading to concerns over alert fatigue.{{cite news|title=More research needed to determine if alert fatigue is true, says prof|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/amber-alert-ontario-1.5022388|date=2019-02-16|work=CBC News}}

In the New York City Subway, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority installed sirens in 2006 to discourage subway users from using emergency exits to evade fares; the sirens had little effect other than irritating passengers and were removed in 2015.Matt Flegenheimer, [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/01/nyregion/exit-alarms-in-the-subways-are-silenced-by-the-mta.html Exit Alarms in the Subways Are Silenced by the M.T.A.], New York Times (January 1, 2015).

Alarm fatigue has sometimes contributed to public transport disasters such as the 2009 train collision in Washington, DC, caused by a faulty track circuit which failed to detect the presence of a stopped train. Though the automatic train control system generated alerts notifying train dispatchers to the presence of such faulty circuits, the rate of such alerts was about 8,000 per week. An investigation by the US National Transportation Safety Board concluded that "the extremely high incidence of track-circuit alarms would have thoroughly desensitized [the dispatchers]".{{cite web|url=https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Pages/RAR1002.aspx|title=July 27, 2010 Railroad Accident Report – Collision of Two Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority Metrorail Trains Near Fort Totten Station Washington, D.C. June 22, 2009|publisher=NTSB|date=July 27, 2010|accessdate=April 10, 2012}}

Some people{{who|date=December 2021}} think the large number of deaths from Hurricane Ida in New York and New Jersey may have been the result of too many warnings. Since 2012, weather alerts have been sent out to cell phones, but in 2020, federal officials set up a three-tier system so people would get this warning for the most serious situations.{{cite news|url=https://whyy.org/articles/as-flood-alerts-lit-up-phones-did-warning-fatigue-set-in/|title=As flood alerts lit up phones, did 'warning fatigue' set in?|last=Calvan|first=Bobby Caina|via=Associated Press|work=WHYY|date=September 5, 2021|accessdate=September 5, 2021}}

California Proposition 65 has been criticized for causing "over-warning"{{cite press release

|title=California Hotel & Lodging Association Helps Lodging Guests Understand Proposition 65; Court Approval Obtained for Comprehensive Compliance Procedure

|publisher=California Hotel & Lodging Association

|date=July 7, 2004

|url=http://timesharebeat.com/2004/july/0707-04t.htm

|access-date=July 22, 2008

|quote="Unfortunately, the 'safe harbor' warning-sign language specified under Proposition 65 is designed to be so all-encompassing that it is vague and typically doesn't provide much useful information," said Jim Abrams, president and CEO of CH&LA. "People see Prop. 65 warning signs nearly every place they go – grocery and hardware stores, restaurants, commercial buildings, car show rooms, hotels and inns, pretty much everywhere...

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050824073814/http://www.timesharebeat.com/2004/july/0707-04t.htm

|archive-date=August 24, 2005

}} due to encouraging "meaningless warnings."Written Testimony of Jeffrey B. Margulies. Proposition 65's Effect on Small Businesses. In the United States House of Representatives, Committee on Small Business. October 28, 1999. "Implications for consumers. While the intent of Prop 65 was to 'inform' consumers, the impact of warnings under the Act has been a proliferation of meaningless warnings. Virtually every business has some sort of Prop 65 warning sign posted, and innumerable products are labeled with the warning. From gas stations to hotels, from grocery stores to hardware stores, consumers are deluged with warnings that they are being exposed to unnamed carcinogens and reproductive toxins. They are not told either the degree of exposure or the likelihood that they may actually be impacted by it. Moreover, because the risks to business of not providing a warning, many provide a warning even though they don't actually know whether an exposure is occurring, or even if the exposure is trivial, further diluting the meaning of warnings to consumers."{{cite web

|url=http://www.ehib.org/emf/pdf/AppendixD-EJ.PDF

|title=Equity and Environmental Justice Considerations in Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Policy

|author=Indira Nair and Detlof von Winterfeldt

|quote=This is to be contrasted with Prop. 65 warning experience where the public received meaningless warnings filled with disclaimers, information that trivializes risk, and fails to put it into context.

|access-date=July 22, 2008

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726020259/http://www.ehib.org/emf/pdf/AppendixD-EJ.PDF

|archive-date=July 26, 2011

}}{{cite court |litigants=Consumer Defense Group v. Rental Housing Industry Members |vol=40 |reporter=Cal Rptr 3d |opinion=832 |court=Cal. Ct. App. 4th Dist. Div. 3 |date=March 24, 2006 |quote=Given the ease with which it was brought, and the absolute lack of any real public benefit from telling people that things like dried paint may be slowly emitting lead molecules or that parking lots are places where there might be auto exhaust, instead of $540,000, this legal work merited an award closer to a dollar ninety-eight. |url=http://ag.ca.gov/prop65/pdfs/G035101.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411065902/http://ag.ca.gov/prop65/pdfs/G035101.pdf |archive-date=April 11, 2019 }} There is no penalty for posting an unnecessary warning sign,{{cite web

|url=http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/law/P65law72003.html

|title=Proposition 65 Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986

|date=1986

|publisher=State of California

|access-date=July 22, 2008

}} and to the extent that warnings are vague or overused, they may not communicate much information to the end user. Many companies now routinely attach Prop 65 warning labels to any product of theirs that they think might possibly contain one of the 900 listed chemicals without testing to see whether the chemical is really present in their product and without reformulating their product, because it is cheaper to do so than to run the risk of being sued by Prop 65 enforcers.{{cite web |url=https://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/crnr/side-sidearticle6.pdf |title=Title 27, California Code of Regulations - Article 6 Clear & Reasonable Warnings: Side-by-Side Comparison |date=December 2017 |access-date=July 24, 2019 |archive-date=July 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724114343/https://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/crnr/side-sidearticle6.pdf |quote=Companies in every sector of the consumer economy now routinely attach warnings for any of the more than 900 chemicals and elements covered by Proposition 65, without testing for them or attempting to reformulate products. They fear citizen-enforcer lawsuits more than they fear freaking out customers. That profusion of warnings has subverted Proposition 65 and left Californians, and increasingly anyone who shops online, overwarned, underinformed and potentially unprotected, a Times investigation has found. And it has funneled hundreds of millions of dollars to a handful of attorneys and their repeat clients. }}

• {{annotated link|Alarm management}}
• {{annotated link|Banner blindness}}
• {{annotated link|Compassion fatigue}}
• {{annotated link|False alarm}}
• {{annotated link|Habituation}}
• {{annotated link|Inattentional blindness}}
• {{annotated link|Information overload}}
• {{annotated link|Normalization of deviance}}
• {{annotated link|Semantic satiation}}

{{reflist}}

Category:Security technology

Category:Alarms

Category:Warning systems

Category:Safety