angst

The word angst was introduced into English from the Danish, Norwegian, and Dutch word {{lang|da|angst}} and the German word {{lang|de|Angst}}. It is attested since the 19th century in English translations of the works of Søren Kierkegaard and Sigmund Freud.{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/angst |title=Angst |dictionary=Dictionary.com }}{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=angst&searchmode=none |title=Angst |dictionary=Online Etymology Dictionary }} It is used in English to describe an intense feeling of apprehension, anxiety, or inner turmoil.

In other languages (with words from the Latin {{lang|la|pavor}} for "fear" or "panic"),{{cite web |title=pavor, pavoris [m.] C |url=https://www.latin-is-simple.com/en/vocabulary/noun/13344/ |website=Latin Is Simple |access-date=1 February 2021}} the derived words differ in meaning; for example, as in the French {{lang|fr|anxiété}} and {{lang|fr|peur}}. The word angst has existed in German since the 8th century, from the Proto-Indo-European root {{lang|ine-x-proto|anghu-}}, "restraint" from which Old High German {{lang|goh|angust}} developed.{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/angst |title=Angst |publisher=The Free Dictionary }} It is pre-cognate with the Latin {{lang|la|angustia}}, "tensity, tightness" and {{wikt-lang|la|angor}}, "choking, clogging"; compare to the Ancient Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|ἄγχω}} ({{lang|grc-Latn|ánkhō}}) "strangle". It entered English in the 19th century as a technical term used in psychiatry, though earlier cognates existed, such as ange.

{{See also|Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard#Dread or anxiety}}

In existentialist philosophy, the term angst carries a specific conceptual meaning. The use of the term was first attributed to Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855). In The Concept of Anxiety (originally translated as The Concept of Dread), Kierkegaard used the word Angest (in common Danish, angst, meaning "dread" or "anxiety") to describe a profound and deep-seated condition. Where non-human animals are guided solely by instinct, said Kierkegaard, human beings enjoy a freedom of choice that we find both appealing and terrifying.{{cite news|first=Gordon|last=Marino|title=The Danish Doctor of Dread|url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/17/the-danish-doctor-of-dread/|newspaper=The New York Times|location=New York City|date=March 17, 2012|access-date=May 18, 2013}} It is the anxiety of understanding of being free when considering undefined possibilities of one's life and the immense responsibility of having the power of choice over them.{{cite book|last1=Backhouse|first1=Stephen|title=Kierkegaard: A Single Life|date=2016|publisher=HarperCollins Christian Publishing|isbn=9780310520894|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MLTxCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT176|access-date=17 July 2017|language=en}} Kierkegaard's concept of angst reappeared in the works of existentialist philosophers who followed, such as Friedrich Nietzsche, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Martin Heidegger, each of whom developed the idea further in individual ways. While Kierkegaard's angst referred mainly to ambiguous feelings about moral freedom within a religious personal belief system, later existentialists discussed conflicts of personal principles, cultural norms, and existential despair.

Existential angst makes its appearance in classical musical composition in the early twentieth century as a result of both philosophical developments and as a reflection of the war-torn times. Notable composers whose works are often linked with the concept include Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss (operas {{Lang|de|Elektra}} and {{Lang|de|Salome}}), Claude Debussy (opera {{Lang|fr|Pelléas et Mélisande}}, ballet Jeux), Jean Sibelius (especially the Fourth Symphony), Arnold Schoenberg (A Survivor from Warsaw), Alban Berg, Francis Poulenc (opera Dialogues of the Carmelites), Dmitri Shostakovich (opera Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk, symphonies and chamber music), Béla Bartók (opera Bluebeard's Castle), and Krzysztof Penderecki (especially Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima).{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

Angst began to be discussed in reference to popular music in the mid- to late 1950s, amid widespread concerns over international tensions and nuclear proliferation. Jeff Nuttall's book Bomb Culture (1968) traced angst in popular culture to Hiroshima. Dread was expressed in works of folk rock such as Bob Dylan's "Masters of War" (1963) and "A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall". The term often makes an appearance in reference to punk rock, grunge, nu metal, and works of emo where expressions of melancholy, existential despair, or nihilism predominate.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

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• {{annotated link|Anger}}
• {{annotated link|Byronic hero}}
• {{annotated link|Emotion}}
• {{annotated link|Existentialism}}
• {{annotated link|Franz Kafka}}
• {{annotated link|Emotion classification#Lists of emotions}}
• {{annotated link|Death anxiety}}
• {{annotated link|Sehnsucht|link_lang=de}}
• {{annotated link|Social alienation|Alienation}}
• {{annotated link|Sturm und Drang|link_lang=de}}
• {{annotated link|Terror management theory}}
• {{annotated link|Weltschmerz|link_lang=de}}

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Category:Anxiety

Category:Emotions

Category:Existentialist concepts