animalier school
Animalier school or animalier{{cite book|last1=Kjellberg|first1=Pierre|title=Bronzes of the 19th Century|date=1994|publisher=Schiffer Publishing, Ltd.|location=Atglen, Pennsylvania|isbn=0-88740-629-7}}{{cite web|title=Animalier|website=wiktionary.org|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/animalier|accessdate=October 29, 2016}}{{cite book|last1=Payne|first1=Christopher|title=Animals in Bronze -- Reference and Price Guide|date=1986|publisher=Antique Collectors' Club Ltd.|location=Woodbridge, Suffolk, England|isbn=0-90746-245-6}} art was a late-18th and 19th-century artistic genre and school of artists who focused on depictions of animals. The movement was largely centered in France, with some artists producing related subject matter in England, Italy, Germany, Russia, and North America.{{Cite web |last=Ward-Jackson |first=Philip |date=2003 |title=Animaliers sculptors |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsoao&AN=edsoao.T003027&site=eds-live&scope=site. |access-date=29 November 2022 |website=Oxford Art Online}} File:Whistlejacket by George Stubbs edit.jpg
Image:Rosa Bonheur with Bull , by E L Dubufe.jpg, Portrait of Rosa Bonheur (1857). Symbolic of her work as an Animalière, the artist is depicted with a bull.]]
The term animalier is most often used to refer to a group of sculptors and painters in mid-century France including Antoine-Louis Barye, Rembrandt Bugatti (felines, human figures, and zoo animals). Jules Moigniez (paintings and sculpture of horses), Rosa Bonheur, and Pierre-Jules Mène.{{Cite web |title=Pierre-Jules Mêne |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/208197 |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=www.metmuseum.org}}
History
File:Theseus Slaying Minotaur by Barye.jpg The term animalier was first used by the French press and salon jurors in the 19th century, often as a derogatory term.{{cite web|last1=Gallery|first1=The Bronze|title=Les Animaliers - The 19th century French movement of Bronze Sculpture|url=http://bronze-gallery.com/info/info.cfm?infoID=9|website=bronze-gallery.com|accessdate=21 October 2016}} The Paris salon thought animal subjects too common for fine art, but with the opening of the new Paris Jardin des Plantes zoo and the Ménagerie du Jardin des plantes, interest in animal art increased.{{Cite web|url=http://www.iub.edu/~iuam/online_modules/metz/collection.html|title=Indiana University Bloomington|accessdate=12 August 2023}} The Dukes of Orleans, Luynes, Montpensier, and Nemours were soon to become Barye's patrons. In 1882 Édouard Manet created a portrait in pastel on canvas of the animalier artist Julien de La Rochenoire, which has been owned by the Getty Museum since 2014.{{Cite web|url=http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/objects/265936/edouard-manet-portrait-of-julien-de-la-rochenoire-french-1882/|title = Portrait of Julien de la Rochenoire (Getty Museum)}}File:George Stubbs - Zebra - Google Art Project.jpg The art of George Stubbs became a favorite of collector Paul Mellon, who donated many of Stubbs' paintings to the Yale Center for British Art.{{cite web|last1=Maj|first1=Yale Center for British Art, Lec|title=Zebra|url=http://collections.britishart.yale.edu/vufind/Record/1669240|website=collections.britishart.yale.edu|accessdate=31 October 2016}}
It has been observed that "many animal sculptures were modeled in plaster for exhibition and cast later in bronze editions. The size and variety of an edition depended on the popularity of the piece at exhibition, and many Barye, Mêne, and Fratin pieces were so popular that they were cast in very large editions."{{cite web|title=The Metz Collection|url=http://www.iub.edu/~iuam/online_modules/metz/collection.html|website=www.iub.edu|accessdate=28 October 2016}}
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Animalier artists
File:Rembrandt bugatti zoo antwerpen 1910.jpgArtists of the animalier movement were referred to as les animaliers. Important artists of the animalier movement included Antoine-Louis Barye (1796–1875), Rembrandt Bugatti (1884–1916), George Stubbs (1724–1806), Alfred Dedreux (1810–1860), Christopher Fratin (1801–1864),{{Cite web|url=http://www.bronze-gallery.com/sculptors/artist.cfm?sculptorID=21|title = Christophe Fratin - 19th Century French Sculptor}}{{cite web | title=A concise history of bronzes | website=WorldCat.org | url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/15625 | access-date=12 August 2023}} Alexandre Guionnet, Pierre-Jules Mêne (1810–1879).{{Cite news|url=http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/artist/Mene%2C+Pierre-Jules|title = Discover Art & Artists|newspaper = The Art Institute of Chicago}} Rosa Bonheur (1822–1899), Isidore Bonheur (1827–1901), Anna Hyatt Huntington (1876–1973), Paul-Edouard Delabrierre (1829–1912), Alfred Dubucand (1828–1894), Jules Moigniez (1835–1894) and Émile-Coriolan Guillemin (1841–1907).
Animalier reproductions
Many beautiful replicas are made of animalier sculpture, which may be cast or molded in any size and of any material. The most desirable of these are exact in detail and made from the same material, such as cast iron, spelter, or cast bronze, as used in the artist's original sculpture. Most of the original animalier sculptors used the traditional lost wax process of casting prevalent at the time. Alexandre Guionnet{{cite web|title=Auguste Cain. Expert art authentication, certificates of authenticity and expert art appraisals - Art Experts|url=https://www.artexpertswebsite.com/pages/artists/cain.php|website=www.artexpertswebsite.com|accessdate=28 October 2016}} was exceptional in that he worked in wood. Modern reproductions of the original sculptures frequently use patinated verdigris cast bronze or iron, or bonded marble resin (pulverized reconstituted marble combined with resin glue), as well as various other materials and techniques, such as a composite of Capiz placuna placenta oyster shells, also known as window oyster shells, which come primarily from the Philippines (where they are known as {{Lang|fil|kapiz}}).{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}{{clear}}