antilinear map
{{Short description|Conjugate homogeneous additive map}}
In mathematics, a function between two complex vector spaces is said to be antilinear or conjugate-linear if
f(x + y) &= f(x) + f(y) && \qquad \text{ (additivity) } \\
f(s x) &= \overline{s} f(x) && \qquad \text{ (conjugate homogeneity) } \\
\end{alignat}
hold for all vectors and every complex number where denotes the complex conjugate of
Antilinear maps stand in contrast to linear maps, which are additive maps that are homogeneous rather than conjugate homogeneous. If the vector spaces are real then antilinearity is the same as linearity.
Antilinear maps occur in quantum mechanics in the study of time reversal and in spinor calculus, where it is customary to replace the bars over the basis vectors and the components of geometric objects by dots put above the indices. Scalar-valued antilinear maps often arise when dealing with complex inner products and Hilbert spaces.
Definitions and characterizations
A function is called {{em|antilinear}} or {{em|conjugate linear}} if it is additive and conjugate homogeneous. An {{em|antilinear functional}} on a vector space is a scalar-valued antilinear map.
A function is called {{em|additive}} if
while it is called {{em|conjugate homogeneous}} if
In contrast, a linear map is a function that is additive and homogeneous, where is called {{em|homogeneous}} if
An antilinear map may be equivalently described in terms of the linear map from to the complex conjugate vector space
= Examples =
== Anti-linear dual map ==
Given a complex vector space of rank 1, we can construct an anti-linear dual map which is an anti-linear map sending an element for to for some fixed real numbers We can extend this to any finite dimensional complex vector space, where if we write out the standard basis and each standard basis element as then an anti-linear complex map to will be of the form for
== Isomorphism of anti-linear dual with real dual ==
The anti-linear dual{{Cite book|last=Birkenhake|first=Christina| url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/851380558 | title=Complex Abelian Varieties | date=2004 | publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|others=Herbert Lange |isbn=978-3-662-06307-1| edition=Second, augmented| location=Berlin, Heidelberg| oclc=851380558}}pg 36 of a complex vector space is a special example because it is isomorphic to the real dual of the underlying real vector space of This is given by the map sending an anti-linear map to In the other direction, there is the inverse map sending a real dual vector to giving the desired map.
Properties
The composite of two antilinear maps is a linear map. The class of semilinear maps generalizes the class of antilinear maps.
Anti-dual space
The vector space of all antilinear forms on a vector space is called the {{em|algebraic anti-dual space}} of If is a topological vector space, then the vector space of all {{em|continuous}} antilinear functionals on denoted by is called the {{em|continuous anti-dual space}} or simply the {{em|anti-dual space}} of {{sfn|Trèves|2006|pp=112-123}} if no confusion can arise.
When is a normed space then the canonical norm on the (continuous) anti-dual space denoted by is defined by using this same equation:{{sfn|Trèves|2006|pp=112–123}}
This formula is identical to the formula for the {{em|dual norm}} on the continuous dual space of which is defined by{{sfn|Trèves|2006|pp=112–123}}
Canonical isometry between the dual and anti-dual
The complex conjugate of a functional is defined by sending to It satisfies
for every and every
This says exactly that the canonical antilinear bijection defined by
as well as its inverse are antilinear isometries and consequently also homeomorphisms.
If then and this canonical map reduces down to the identity map.
Inner product spaces
If is an inner product space then both the canonical norm on and on satisfies the parallelogram law, which means that the polarization identity can be used to define a {{em|canonical inner product on }} and also on which this article will denote by the notations
where this inner product makes and into Hilbert spaces.
The inner products and are antilinear in their second arguments. Moreover, the canonical norm induced by this inner product (that is, the norm defined by ) is consistent with the dual norm (that is, as defined above by the supremum over the unit ball); explicitly, this means that the following holds for every
If is an inner product space then the inner products on the dual space and the anti-dual space denoted respectively by and are related by
= \overline{\langle \,f\, | \,g\, \rangle_{X^{\prime}}}
= \langle \,g\, | \,f\, \rangle_{X^{\prime}} \qquad \text{ for all } f, g \in X^{\prime}
and
= \overline{\langle \,f\, | \,g\, \rangle_{\overline{X}^{\prime}}}
= \langle \,g\, | \,f\, \rangle_{\overline{X}^{\prime}} \qquad \text{ for all } f, g \in \overline{X}^{\prime}.
See also
- {{annotated link|Cauchy's functional equation}}
- {{annotated link|Complex conjugate}}
- {{annotated link|Complex conjugate vector space}}
- {{annotated link|Fundamental theorem of Hilbert spaces}}
- {{annotated link|Inner product space}}
- {{annotated link|Linear map}}
- {{annotated link|Matrix consimilarity}}
- {{annotated link|Riesz representation theorem}}
- {{annotated link|Sesquilinear form}}
- {{annotated link|T-symmetry|Time reversal}}
Citations
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}
References
- Budinich, P. and Trautman, A. The Spinorial Chessboard. Springer-Verlag, 1988. {{isbn|0-387-19078-3}}. (antilinear maps are discussed in section 3.3).
- Horn and Johnson, Matrix Analysis, Cambridge University Press, 1985. {{isbn|0-521-38632-2}}. (antilinear maps are discussed in section 4.6).
- {{Trèves François Topological vector spaces, distributions and kernels}}