aphthovirus

The genus contains the following species, listed by scientific name:{{cite web|title=Virus Taxonomy: 2024 Release|url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy|publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|access-date=12 April 2025}}{{cite web |title=Species List: Picornaviridae |url=https://ictv.global/report/chapter/picornaviridae/taxonomy/picornaviridae |publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |access-date=12 April 2025}}

• Aphthovirus bogeli, Bovine rhinitis A virus
• Aphthovirus burrowsi, Equine rhinitis A virus
• Aphthovirus reedi, Bovine rhinitis B virus
• Aphthovirus vesiculae, Foot-and-mouth disease virus

File:13567 2013 Article 316 Fig1 HTML.webp

Aphthoviruses are non-enveloped and have an icosahedral capsid with a diameter of around 27 to 30 nm.{{cite web|title=Viral Zone|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/98.html|access-date=12 June 2015|publisher=ExPASy}} The assembled viral capsid contains a single copy of the RNA genome and 60 copies of the four viral capsid proteins VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4. The protomers form the sides of the icosahedral capsid. The VP4 protein is internal.{{Cite journal|last1=Jamal|first1=Syed M.|last2=Belsham|first2=Graham J.|date=2013-12-05|title=Foot-and-mouth disease: past, present and future|journal=Veterinary Research|volume=44|issue=1|pages=116|doi=10.1186/1297-9716-44-116|issn=1297-9716|pmc=4028749|pmid=24308718 |doi-access=free }}

The aphthoviruses are differentiated from other picornaviruses as they have a larger genome (7.5–8.5 kilobases). The genome is non-segmented and consists of a positive-sense single-stranded RNA. It contains a single open reading frame with a 5' end linked protein (VPg), which is associated with the genome via a phosphodiester bond linked to a tyrosine residue. The 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the genome contains a poly(C) tract and an internal ribosome entry site (IRES), while the 3' UTR is polyadenylated.{{cite web|last1=Büchen-Osmond |first1=C. (Ed) |title=00.052.0.05. Aphthovirus |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.052.0.05.htm |website=ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4 |publisher=Columbia University |archive-date=December 3, 2008 |location=New York, USA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203101928/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.052.0.05.htm }} The P1 region encodes the structural proteins. The P2 and P3 regions encode the nonstructural proteins associated with replication.

File:12985 2016 561 Fig2 HTML.webp

Aphthoviruses replicate in a similar fashion to all picornaviruses. Replication is cytoplasmic and initially involves attachment of the exogenous virus to the cell membrane. Attachment to the membrane and subsequent entry into the cell is mediated by a membrane receptor. After genome replication within the cytoplasm, virion assembly occurs and new virus particles aggregate within the cell. Release of virus particles is mediated by cell lysis.

The aphthovirus RNA genome is able to undergo genetic recombination.{{cite journal|doi=10.1128/JVI.41.1.66-77.1982|pmid=6283129|pmc=256726|title=Biochemical evidence of recombination within the unsegmented RNA genome of aphthovirus|year=1982|last1=King|first1=A. M.|last2=McCahon|first2=D.|last3=Slade|first3=W. R.|last4=Newman|first4=J. W.|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=41|issue=1|pages=66–77}} Recombination occurs at a large number of genomic sites indicating that RNA recombination in aphthovirus is a general, rather than a site specific, phenomenon.{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0168-1702(85)90437-x|pmid=3000107|pmc=7134178|title=Multiple sites of recombination within the RNA genome of foot-and-mouth disease virus|year=1985|last1=King|first1=Andrew M.Q.|last2=McCahon|first2=David|last3=Saunders|first3=Keith|last4=Newman|first4=John W.I.|last5=Slade|first5=William R.|journal=Virus Research|volume=3|issue=4|pages=373–384}}

Aphthoviruses include the causative agents of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), which primarily affects livestock such as cattle, swine, sheep and goats. FMD was first discovered in Italy in the 16th century. Since then, the prevalence of the disease has remained, despite many countries being declared FMD-free. Endemic regions of the disease include areas of Africa, Asia and South America. The virus commonly persists in animal feed and is able to survive environmentally for up to one month. Eradication of FMD in endemic areas has been difficult, despite the availability of a vaccine.

Equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV) was first isolated from horses in the 1960s and 1970s showing acute febrile respiratory disease signs, including fever, cough, clear nasal discharge and lethargy. Given its similarity to the common cold in humans (caused by another picornavirus, rhinovirus), ERAV was initially named "equine rhinovirus 1". Modern molecular biology techniques such as nucleotide sequencing demonstrated that ERAV was in fact more closely related to FMDV, and was reclassified to the genus Aphthovirus.{{cite journal |vauthors=Wutz G, Auer H, Nowotny N, Grosse B, Skern T, Kuechler E |title=Equine rhinovirus serotypes 1 and 2: relationship to each other and to aphthoviruses and cardioviruses |journal=J Gen Virol |volume=77 ( Pt 8) |issue= 8|pages=1719–30 |year=1996 |pmid=8760418 |doi=10.1099/0022-1317-77-8-1719|doi-access=free }}

• Animal virology

{{Reflist|2}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060506073736/http://www.museums.org.za/bio/viruses/aphthovirus.htm Aphthovirus summary] from the Iziko Museums of Cape Town, South Africa.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060422042016/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/pubs/fsheet_faq_notice/fs_ahfmd.html Foot-and-Mouth Disease summary] from the US Department of Agriculture.
• [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.052.0.05.htm Aphthovirus]
• [http://www.horizonpress.com/gateway/animal-viruses.html Animal viruses]
• [http://www.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/98.html Viralzone: Aphtovirus]
• [http://ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp ICTV]

{{Baltimore classification}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q618549}}

Category:Virus genera