apudessive case

{{Short description|Grammatical case}}

Apudessive caseMentioned in: Catherine Fuchs, Stéphane Robert, Language Diversity and Cognitive Representations, 1999, 229 pages, [https://books.google.com/books?id=nkkXN4NuZ9QC&dq=apudessive&pg=PP1 Google book search page] (abbreviated {{sc|apud}}) is used for marking a juxtaposing spatial relation, or location next to something ("next to the house"). It is found in Tsez, Bezhta and other Northeast Caucasian languages. The name “Apudessive” derives from the Latin word {{lang|la|apud}}, meaning “at” or “by.”{{Cite book |last=Petit |first=Daniel |url=https://doi.org/10.15388/Baltistikos_platybese.2022.17 |title=Apudesyvas lietuvių kalboje |date=2022 |publisher=Vilnius University Press |year=2022 |trans-title=The Apudessive In Lithuanian |doi=10.15388/Baltistikos_platybese.2022.17}}

In the Aghul language, transitive verbs can mark the agent in a causative construction with the apudessive case. It is also possible for intransitive verbs in combination with a causative construction to be marked with the apudessive, however it is more common for such a marking to occur with transitive verbs. In Aghul, apudessive marking is exclusive to sentences in which the agent of a causative construction can express control over the situation. Inanimate agents in such constructions are never marked with the apudessive case.{{Cite journal |last=Daniel |first=Michael |last2=Maisak |first2=Timur |last3=Merdanova |first3=Dolmas |date=2012 |title=Causatives in Agul |url=https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.126.04dan |journal=Studies in Language Companion |volume=126 |pages=55-114}}

The Aghul sentence is an example of the usage of the apudessive case with intransitive verbs.

{{interlinear |indent=2

|dad.a uč.i-n uqːub-ar.i-l-di gada.ji-w χul.a-as hiš.a-s q’.u-ne

|father(ERG) REFL-GEN beating-PL-{{gcl|SUP|superlative (on the landmark)}}-LAT son-{{gcl|APUD|apudessive case (near the landmark)}} house-{{gcl|IN|localization: inside hollow landmark}}.ELA flee.IPFV-INF do.PFV-PERF

|Father’s beating made his son run away from home.

({{lit}} “by his beating father made son run away from home”)

}}

Other languages, such as Tsez, mark the Apudessive case with postpositions. The word {{lang|ddo|gogoa-ɣ}} is marked for the apudessive with the posposition {{lang|ddo|ɣ}}. These markings can be further combined with other suffixes. For example, the word {{lang|ddo|huni-χ-oz}} contains both an apudessive marker and a translative suffix.{{Cite book |last=Wilson |first=Daniel |title=Дурхъаси хазна. Сборник статей к 60-летию Р. О. Муталова |journal= |publisher=М.: Буки Веди |year=2021 |pages=386-410 |chapter=A sketch of Sagada morphology}}