aracari
{{Short description|Genus of birds}}
{{automatic taxobox
| name = Aracaris
| image = Pteroglossus erythropygius-Gould.jpg
| image_caption = Pale-mandibled aracari
Pteroglossus erythropygius
| taxon = Pteroglossus
| authority = Illiger, 1811
| type_species = Ramphastos aracari (black-necked aracari)
| type_species_authority = Linnaeus, 1758
| synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true
|Aracarius {{small|Rafinesque, 1815}}
|Aracari {{small|Lesson, 1828}}
|Grammarhynchus {{small|Gould, 1854}}
|Grammatorhynchus {{small|[missp.] Bonaparte, 1854}}
|Pyrosterna {{small|Bonaparte, 1854}}
|Baillonius {{small|Cassin, 1868}}
|Baillonicus {{small|[missp.] Klös, 1970}}
|Beauharnaisius {{small|Bonaparte, 1850}}
|Bauharnaisius {{small|[missp.] Bonaparte, 1850}}
|Beauharnasius {{small|[missp.] Gould, 1854}}
|Beauharnesius {{small|[missp.] Bonaparte, 1854}}
|Beauharnisius {{small|[missp.] Sundevall, 1873}}
|Ulocomus {{small|Heine, 1890}}
}}
}}
An aracari or araçari ({{IPAc-en|us|ˌ|ɑːr|ə|ˈ|s|ɑːr|i}} {{respell|AR|ə|SAR|ee}},{{cite web | title = Aracari |work = Dictionary.com Unabridged | publisher = Random House, Inc.) | url = http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/aracari?s=t | access-date = 2012-04-20}}
{{IPAc-en|uk|ˌ|ær|ə|ˈ|s|ɑːr|i}} {{respell|ARR|ə|SAR|ee}}, {{IPAc-en|-|ˈ|k|ɑːr|i}} {{respell|-|KAR|ee}}){{cite web|title=Definition for aracari |work=Oxford Dictionaries Online |url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/aracari?q=aracari |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120723042825/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/aracari?q=aracari |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-23 |access-date=2012-04-20 }}
is any of the medium-sized toucans that, together with the saffron toucanet, make up the genus Pteroglossus.
They are brightly plumaged and have enormous, contrastingly patterned bills. These birds are residents in forests and woodlands in the Neotropics.
Taxonomy
The genus Pteroglossus was introduced in 1811 by the German zoologist Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger.{{ cite book | last=Illiger | first=Johann Karl Wilhelm | author-link=Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger | year=1811 | title=Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium | language=Latin | location=Berolini [Berlin] | publisher=Sumptibus C. Salfeld | page=202 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29301172 }} The name combines the Ancient Greek pteron meaning "feather" with glōssa meaning "tongue".{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=322 | url=https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n322/mode/1up }} George Robert Gray designated the black-necked aracari as the type species of the genus in 1840.{{ cite book | last=Gray | first=George Robert | author-link=George Robert Gray | year=1840 | title=A List of the Genera of Birds : with an Indication of the Typical Species of Each Genus | location=London | publisher=R. and J.E. Taylor | page=50 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13668967}}{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1948 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=6 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=74 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14477507 }}
The name "Aracari" was used in 1648 by the German naturalist Georg Marcgrave for the black-necked aracari in his book Historia Naturalis Brasiliae.{{ cite book | last=Marcgrave | first=Georg | author-link=Georg Marcgrave | year=1648 | title=Historia Naturalis Brasiliae: Liber Quintus: Qui agit de Avibus | language=Latin | location=Lugdun and Batavorum (London and Leiden) | publisher=Franciscum Hackium and Elzevirium | page=217 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/289309#page/362/mode/1up }} The name comes from the word Arassari, the name of the bird in the Tupi language.{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=52 | url=https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n52/mode/1up }}
One species, the distinctive saffron toucanet, was formerly placed in the monotypic genus Baillonius, but Renato Kimura and collaborators showed in 2004 that it belongs in the genus Pteroglossus.{{Cite journal | last1=Kimura | first1=R.K. | last2=Pereira | first2=S.L. | last3=Grau | first3=E.T. | last4=Höfling | first4=E. | last5=Wajntal | first5=A. | date=2004 | title=Genetic distances and phylogenetic analysis suggest that Baillonius Cassin, 1867 is a Pteroglossus Illiger, 1811 (Piciformes: Ramphastidae) | journal=Ornitologia Neotropical | volume=15 | pages=527–537 | url=https://sora.unm.edu/node/119613 }}{{ cite web | last=Remsen | first=J.V. Jr | year=2004 | title=Proposal 151: Merge Baillonius into Pteroglossus | publisher=South American Classification Committee, American Ornithologists' Union | url=http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCprop151.htm | access-date=6 September 2022}}
The cladogram below is based on a molecular phylogenetic study by Swati Patel and collaborators that was published in 2010.{{Cite journal | last1=Patel | first1=S. | last2=Weckstein | first2=J.D. | last3=Patané | first3=J.S.L. | last4=Bates | first4=J.M. | last5=Aleixo | first5=A. | date=2011 | title=Temporal and spatial diversification of Pteroglossus araçaris (AVES: Ramphastidae) in the neotropics: Constant rate of diversification does not support an increase in radiation during the Pleistocene | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=58 | issue=1 | pages=105–115 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.10.016 | doi-access=free | pmid=21055476 | bibcode=2011MolPE..58..105P }}
{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%
|label1=Pteroglossus
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Saffron toucanet (Pteroglossus bailloni)
|2={{clade
|1=Green aracari (Pteroglossus viridis)
|2=Lettered aracari (Pteroglossus inscriptus)
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Collared aracari (Pteroglossus torquatus)
|2={{clade
|1=Fiery-billed aracari (Pteroglossus frantzii)
|2={{clade
|1=Pale-mandibled aracari (Pteroglossus erythropygius)
|2=Stripe-billed aracari (Pteroglossus sanguineus)
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Black-necked aracari (Pteroglossus aracari)
|2={{clade
|1=Many-banded aracari (Pteroglossus pluricinctus)
|2=Chestnut-eared aracari (Pteroglossus castanotis)
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=Ivory-billed aracari (Pteroglossus azara)
|2={{clade
|1=Curl-crested aracari (Pteroglossus beauharnaeslii)
|2=Red-necked aracari (Pteroglossus bitorquatus)
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
=Extant species=
Thirteen species are considered to belong to the genus Pteroglossus:{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=February 2025 | title=Jacamars, puffbirds, barbets, toucans, honeyguides | work=IOC World Bird List Version 15.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/jacamars/| publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=8 March 2025 }}
| class="wikitable" | |||
| Image | Scientific name | Common Name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| 120px | Pteroglossus viridis | Green aracari | lowland forests of northeastern South America (the Guiana Shield), in the northeast Amazon Basin, the Guianas and the eastern Orinoco River drainage of Venezuela |
| 120px | Pteroglossus inscriptus | Lettered aracari | Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru |
| 120px | Pteroglossus bitorquatus | Red-necked aracari | Bolivia and Brazil |
| 120px | Pteroglossus azara | Ivory-billed aracari | Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela |
| 120px | Pteroglossus aracari | Black-necked aracari | Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela |
| 120px | Pteroglossus castanotis | Chestnut-eared aracari | Amazon Basin, Paraguay, Bolivia, southeastern Brazil and the extreme northeast of Argentina |
| 120px | Pteroglossus pluricinctus | Many-banded aracari | Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela |
| 120px | Pteroglossus torquatus | Collared aracari | southern Mexico to Panama; also Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela and Costa Rica |
| 120px | Pteroglossus sanguineus | Stripe-billed aracari | Colombia and Ecuador |
| 120px | Pteroglossus erythropygius | Pale-mandibled aracari | Ecuador and Peru |
| 120px | Pteroglossus frantzii | Fiery-billed aracari | southern Costa Rica and western Panama |
| 120px | Pteroglossus beauharnaisii | Curl-crested aracari | Amazon Basin |
| 120px | Pteroglossus bailloni | Saffron toucanet | Brazil |
=Former species=
Some authorities, either presently or formerly, recognize additional species or subspecies as species belonging to the genus Pteroglossus including:
- Wagler's toucanet (as Pteroglossus wagleri){{Cite web|url=http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=8A785F55&sec=summary&ssver=1|title=Aulacorhynchus wagleri - Avibase|website=avibase.bsc-eoc.org|access-date=2016-12-24}}
- Emerald toucanet (as Pteroglossus prasinus){{Cite web|url=http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=B35771C79152F9B3|title=Aulacorhynchus prasinus - Avibase|website=avibase.bsc-eoc.org|access-date=2016-12-24}}
- White-throated toucanet (as Pteroglossus albivitta){{Cite web|url=http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=D9578239&sec=summary&ssver=1|title=Aulacorhynchus albivitta - Avibase|website=avibase.bsc-eoc.org|access-date=2016-12-24}}
- Black-throated toucanet (as Pteroglossus atrogularis){{Cite web|url=http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=F2FFAA9B&sec=summary&ssver=1|title=Aulacorhynchus atrogularis - Avibase|website=avibase.bsc-eoc.org|access-date=2016-12-25}}
- Groove-billed toucanet (as Pteroglossus sulcatus){{Cite web|url=http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=96711EDE05847B28|title=Aulacorhynchus sulcatus - Avibase|website=avibase.bsc-eoc.org|access-date=2016-12-25}}
- Crimson-rumped toucanet (as Pteroglossus haematopygus){{Cite web|url=http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=23DB835648606957|title=Aulacorhynchus haematopygus - Avibase|website=avibase.bsc-eoc.org|access-date=2016-12-25}}
- Guianan toucanet (as Pteroglossus Culik){{Cite web|url=http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=92FB567FBC5845D8|title=Selenidera piperivora - Avibase|website=avibase.bsc-eoc.org|access-date=2016-12-28}}
- Golden-collared toucanet (as Pteroglossus reinwardtii){{Cite web|url=http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=6AAA613244629521|title=Selenidera reinwardtii - Avibase|website=avibase.bsc-eoc.org|access-date=2016-12-28}}
- Langsdorff's toucanet (as Pteroglossus langsdorffii){{Cite web|url=http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=5A81652E&sec=summary&ssver=1|title=Selenidera reinwardtii langsdorffii - Avibase|website=avibase.bsc-eoc.org|access-date=2016-12-28}}
- Tawny-tufted toucanet (as Pteroglossus nattereri){{Cite web|url=http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=82C29C2F6F37481D|title=Selenidera nattereri - Avibase|website=avibase.bsc-eoc.org|access-date=2016-12-28}}
- Gould's toucanet (as Pteroglossus gouldii){{Cite web|url=http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=39C1655E257495CD|title=Selenidera gouldii - Avibase|website=avibase.bsc-eoc.org|access-date=2016-12-28}}
- Spot-billed toucanet (as Pteroglossus maculirostris){{Cite web|url=http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=F0C12CF9&sec=summary&ssver=1|title=Selenidera maculirostris - Avibase|website=avibase.bsc-eoc.org|access-date=2016-12-28}}
- Gray-breasted mountain toucan (as Pteroglossus hypoglaucus){{Cite web|url=http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=B02554D83393F363|title=Andigena hypoglauca - Avibase|website=avibase.bsc-eoc.org|access-date=2016-12-28}}
- Hooded mountain toucan (as Pteroglossus cucullatus){{Cite web|url=http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=D5746888EA67F2FB|title=Andigena cucullata - Avibase|website=avibase.bsc-eoc.org|access-date=2016-12-29}}
- Black-billed mountain toucan (as Pteroglossus nigrirostris){{Cite web|url=http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=64516AE0ACD1E341|title=Andigena nigrirostris - Avibase|website=avibase.bsc-eoc.org|access-date=2016-12-29}}
Behaviour and ecology
Some species of aracaris are unusual for toucans in that they roost socially throughout the year, up to six adults and fledged young sleeping in the same hole with tails folded over their backs.
=Breeding=
They are arboreal and nest in tree holes laying 2–4 white eggs.
=Food and feeding=
All the species are basically fruit-eating, but will take insects and other small prey.
Threats
The ischnoceran louse Austrophilopterus flavirostris is suspected to parasitize most if not all species of aracaris, with the possible exception of the green aracari (Price & Weckstein 2005).
References
{{reflist}}
- Price, Roger D. & Weckstein, Jason D. (2005): The genus Austrophilopterus Ewing (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) from toucans, toucanets, and araçaris (Piciformes: Ramphastidae). Zootaxa 918: 1–18. [http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2005f/z00918f.pdf PDF fulltext]
{{Commons category|Pteroglossus}}
{{Ramphastidae}}
{{Cavitaves|P.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1076011}}