archdruid

{{Short description|Head of the Gorsedd, Wales}}

{{about|the literary title|the religious title of Archdruid|Ár nDraíocht Féin}}

File:Y Prifardd Jim Parc Nest.JPG, Archdruid of Wales, 2010–2013]]

Archdruid ({{Langx|cy|Archdderwydd}}) is the title used by the presiding official of the Gorsedd.Hanes Gorsedd y Beirdd. Bowen, Geraint and Bowen, Zonia; Cyhoeddiadau Barddas ,1991

The Archdruid presides over the most important ceremonies at the National Eisteddfod of Wales including the Crowning of the Bard, the award of the {{illm|Prose Medal|cy|Medal Ryddiaith}} and the Chairing of the Bard. Although Iolo Morganwg was the first to preside over the Gorsedd when the National Eisteddfod came into being, his successor David Griffith, under the bardic name "Clwydfardd", was the first to be known by the official title "Archdruid".

The Archdruid's regalia, devised by the early revivers of the eisteddfod during the early 19th century, includes a crown, a sceptre, and a breastplate in the form of a torc. These were redesigned in 1896 by Hubert von Herkomer, to be made of gold and decorated with oak leaves, symbolising the sacred groves associated with druidry. (The Welsh word for "oak" is "derw" from which "druid" is thought to be derived.){{cite web|url=http://www.druidry.org/library/trees/tree-lore-oak |title=Tree Lore: Oak|last=Freeman|first=Mara|publisher=Order of Bards Ovates and Druids|access-date=8 April 2016}} A special ring of office was also introduced. The current sceptre has been in use since 1910, and a stola or cape was first worn in 1911 by the Archdruid "Dyfed".{{cite web|url=https://www.museumwales.ac.uk/912/|title=Archdruid's Robes and Regalia|publisher=National Museum Wales|access-date=8 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729214727/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/912/|archive-date=29 July 2014|url-status=dead}}

Since 1932, only former winners of the Eisteddfod Crown or Chair have been qualified to become Archdruid. By the beginning of the twenty-first century Prose Medal winners were included in this elite band and the first to be elected under this ruling was Robyn Llŷn (Robyn Léwis) (2002–05).{{cite web|url=https://www.museumwales.ac.uk/915/|title=The Archdruid|publisher=National Museum Wales|access-date=2 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428075920/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/915/|archive-date=28 April 2016|url-status=dead}} Christine James, who became Archdruid in 2013, is both the first woman and the first Welsh learner (i.e. a person not brought up with Welsh as their first language) to have held the title.{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-18563191|title=Eisteddfod names Christine James first woman archdruid|work=BBC News|date=23 June 2012|access-date=8 April 2016}}

Since the Second World War, only one Archdruid has served more than one three-year term. Albert Evans-Jones ("Cynan"), a World War I veteran and a significant war poet, was elected in 1950 and again in 1963, and was regarded as a reforming influence on the festival; he publicly accepted that the eisteddfod and the gorsedd have no direct descent from Welsh mythology or from the druids. He was knighted in 1969 for his services to Welsh culture, the only Archdruid to have been so honoured.{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypost.co.uk/whats-on/arts-culture-news/pwllheli-honour-former-national-eisteddfod-10767495/ |title=Pwllheli to honour former National Eisteddfod Archdruid Cynan |publisher=Daily Post |date=22 January 2016 |access-date=8 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124034302/http://www.dailypost.co.uk/whats-on/arts-culture-news/pwllheli-honour-former-national-eisteddfod-10767495 |archive-date=24 January 2016 }}