archipolypoda
{{Short description|Extinct group of millipedes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil_range|Lochkovian|Pennsylvanian|earliest=Wenlock}}
| image = Acantherpestes major.jpg
| image_caption = Reconstruction of Acantherpestes major
| taxon = Archipolypoda
| authority = Scudder, 1882
| subdivision_ranks = Orders
| subdivision = Archidesmida
| synonyms = Macrosterni Fritsch, 1899
Palaeocoxopleura Verhoeff, 1928
}}
File:Archipolypoda Cross-section.jpg spines and two pair of legs.]]
Archipolypoda is an extinct group of millipedes known from fossils in Europe and North America and containing the earliest known land animals.{{cite journal|last=Selden|first=Paul|author2=Helen Read|title=The Oldest Land Animals: Silurian Millipedes from Scotland|journal=Bulletin of the British Myriapod & Isopod Group|year=2008|volume=23|pages=36–37|url=http://www.paulselden.net/uploads/7/5/3/2/7532217/seldenread2008.pdf}} The Archipolypoda was erected by Scudder (1882){{cite journal|last=Scudder|first=Samuel H.|title=Archipolypoda, a Subordinal Type of Spined Myriapods from the Carboniferous Formation|journal=Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History|year=1882|volume=3|issue=5|pages=143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kOUpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA141}} but redefined in 2005 with the description of several new species from Scotland.{{cite journal|last=Wilson|first=Heather M.|author2=Anderson, Lyall I.|title=Morphology and taxonomy of Paleozoic millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland|journal=Journal of Paleontology|year=2004|volume=78|issue=1|pages=169–184|doi=10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0169:MATOPM>2.0.CO;2|jstor=4094847|bibcode=2004JPal...78..169W |s2cid=131201588 }} Distinguishing characteristics include relatively large eyes with densely packed ocelli (sometimes interpreted as compound eyes), and modified leg pairs on the 8th body ring.{{cite journal|last=Sierwald|first=Petra|author2=Bond, Jason E.|title=Current Status of the Myriapod Class Diplopoda (Millipedes): Taxonomic Diversity and Phylogeny|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|year=2007|volume=52|issue=1|pages=401–420|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.111805.090210|pmid=17163800}} Some species had prominent spines while others had a flattened appearance.{{cite journal|last=Wilson|first=Heather M.|author2=Daeschler, Edward B.|author3= Desbiens, Sylvain|title=New Flat-Backed Archipolypodan Millipedes from the Upper Devonian of North America|journal=Journal of Paleontology|year=2005|volume=79|issue=4|pages=738–744|doi=10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[0738:NFAMFT]2.0.CO;2|jstor=4095046|s2cid=140190612 }}
Classification
The Archipolypoda as currently recognized consists of four orders,{{cite journal|last=Shear|first=William A.|author2=Edgecombe, Gregory D.|title=The geological record and phylogeny of the Myriapoda|journal=Arthropod Structure & Development|year=2010|volume=39|issue=2–3|pages=174–190|doi=10.1016/j.asd.2009.11.002|pmid=19944188|bibcode=2010ArtSD..39..174S }} many with monotypic families and genera, as well as five species of uncertain placement (incertae sedis).{{cite journal|last=Wilson|first=Heather M.|title=A new genus of Archipolypodan millipede from the Coseley Lagerstatte, Upper Carboniferous, UK|journal=Palaeontology|year=2005|volume=48|issue=5|pages=1097–1100|doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2005.00496.x|bibcode=2005Palgy..48.1097W |doi-access=free}}
Archidesmida Wilson & Anderson, 2004
- Archidesmidae Scudder, 1885
- Archidesmus macnicoli Peach, 1882. Lower Devonian, Scotland
- Zanclodesmidae Wilson, Daeschler & Desbiens, 2005
- Zanclodesmus willetti Wilson, Daeschler & Desbiens, 2005. Upper Devonian, Quebec, Canada
- Orsadesmus rubecollus Wilson, Daeschler & Desbiens, 2005. Upper Devonian, Pennsylvania, USA
Cowiedesmida Wilson & Anderson, 2004
- Cowiedesmidae Wilson & Anderson, 2004
- Cowiedesmus eroticopodus Wilson & Anderson, 2004. Mid Silurian or Lower Devonian,{{Cite journal |last1=Suarez |first1=Stephanie E. |last2=Brookfield |first2=Michael E. |last3=Catlos |first3=Elizabeth J. |last4=Stöckli |first4=Daniel F. |date=2017-06-28 |title=A U-Pb zircon age constraint on the oldest-recorded air-breathing land animal |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=e0179262 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0179262 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5489152 |pmid=28658320 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1279262S |doi-access=free }} Scotland.
Euphoberiida Hoffman, 1969
- Euphoberiidae Scudder, 1882. Upper Carboniferous of Europe and North America.
- Acantherpestes Meek & Worthen, 1868
- Euphoberia Meek & Worthen, 1868
- Myriacantherpestes Burke, 1979
Palaeosomatida Hannibal & Krzeminski, 2005. Carboniferous, UK and Poland{{cite journal|last=Hannibal|first=Joseph T.|author2=Krzeminski, Wieslaw|title=A palaeosomatid millipede (Archipolypoda: palaeosomatida) from the Carboniferous (Namurian A) of Silesia, Poland|journal=Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne|year=2005|volume=74|issue=3|pages=205–217}}
- Palaeosomatidae Hannibal & Krzeminski, 2005
- Palaeosoma
Order incertae sedis
- Albadesmus almondi Wilson & Anderson, 2004 Mid Silurian or Lower Devonian, Scotland
- Anaxeodesmus diambonotus Wilson, 2005 Upper Carboniferous, UK.
- Anthracodesmus macconochiei, Peach, 1899
- Palaeodesmus tuberculata (Brade-Birks, 1923) (=Kampecaris tuberculata) Lower Devonian, Scotland.
- Pneumodesmus newmani Wilson & Anderson, 2004 Mid Silurian or Lower Devonian, Scotland
See also
{{Portal|Arthropods|Paleontology}}
- Arthropleuridea- Another group of extinct millipedes
- Euthycarcinoidea, a group of enigmatic arthropods that may be ancestral to myriapods
- Colonization of land, major evolutionary stages leading to terrestrial organisms
- Xanthomyria, a Cambrian fossil which closely resembles archipolypodans
References
{{Reflist|2}}
External links
- [http://www.fossilmuseum.net/fossil-art/Archipolypoda/Archipolypoda.htm Archipolypoda- The Virtual Fossil Museum]
- [http://www.devoniantimes.org/who/pages/milliped.html Orsadesmus rubecollus, Devonian Times]
- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/3427499.stm Fossil find 'oldest land animal'- BBC News]
{{Millipedes|extinct}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q16243060}}
Category:Arthropod superorders
Category:Carboniferous myriapods
Category:Wenlock first appearances
Category:Pennsylvanian extinctions