arjava

{{transliteration|sa|Ārjav}} means straightness, sincerity, and harmony in one’s thought, words, and actions towards oneself and towards others. Kane translates {{transliteration|sa|arjava}} as straightforwardness.{{cite journal|first=Pandurang Vaman|last=Kane|year=1974|title=History of Dharmaśāstra|journal=Ancient and Mediæval Religious and Civil Law in India|volume=2|number=1|oclc=134943|page=5}} It is described in ancient Indian texts as “self-restraint from hypocrisy", and "the absence of hypocrisy”. It is included as one of several virtuous restraints in an individual's path to spirituality. The Maharashtrian poet Vāmana in Avigita, at xvi.1, posits {{transliteration|sa|arjava}} is a form of honesty and purity in a person, and an essential virtue so that one may treat everyone equally, whether that other is one’s child, wife, relative, friend, a stranger, or someone hostile or oneself without any discrimination.

The ethical concept of {{transliteration|sa|arjava}} is synonymous with {{transliteration|sa|Adambha}} ({{lang|sa|अदम्भ}}, composite word from {{lang|sa|अ+दम्भ}}). {{transliteration|sa|Adambha}} also means non-deceitful, straightforwardness, and sincerity.{{cite web|url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=adambha+&trans=Translate&direction=AU|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227013203/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=adambha+&trans=Translate&direction=AU|archive-date=27 December 2014|title=Adambha|website=Sanskrit English Dictionary}} It is listed as a virtue in the Indian Epics.

{{transliteration|sa|Arjava}} is one of the ten {{transliteration|sa|yamas}} listed by Śāṇḍilya Upanishad, as well as by Svātmārāma.{{cite book|title=The Hatha Yoga Pradipika|author=Svātmārāma|author2=Pancham Sinh |publisher = Forgotten Books|edition= 5|year=1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9sBFttVx6ukC|isbn= 9781605066370|page=14|quote=अथ यम-नियमाः / अहिंसा सत्यमस्तेयं बरह्यछर्यम कश्हमा धृतिः / दयार्जवं मिताहारः शौछम छैव यमा दश}}{{multiref2

|1={{cite book|last1=Lorenzen|first1=David|title=The Kāpālikas and Kālāmukhas|date=1972|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0520018426|pages=[https://archive.org/details/kapalikaskalamuk0000lore/page/186 186–190]|url=https://archive.org/details/kapalikaskalamuk0000lore/page/186}}

|2={{cite book |title=Merging with Śiva: Hinduism's contemporary metaphysics |last= Subramuniya |publisher= Himalayan Academy Publications|year= 2003|isbn= 9780945497998 |page=155 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JupkNVxfwHgC |access-date=6 April 2009}}

}} The other nine are:

1. {{transliteration|sa|ahiṃsā}} ({{lang|sa|अहिंसा}}): nonviolence
2. {{transliteration|sa|satya}} ({{lang|sa|सत्य}}): truthfulness
3. {{transliteration|sa|asteya}} ({{lang|sa|अस्तेय}}): not stealing
4. {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}} ({{lang|sa|ब्रह्मचर्य}}): celibacy and not cheating on one’s spouse
5. {{transliteration|sa|kṣamā}} ({{lang|sa|क्षमा}}): forgiveness{{cite book | last=Sovatsky | first=Stuart | title=Words from the Soul: Time East/West Spirituality and Psychotherapeutic Narrative | publisher=State University of New York Press | date=1 January 1998 | isbn=978-0-7914-3949-4 | page=21}}
6. {{transliteration|sa|dhṛti}} ({{lang|sa|धृति}}): fortitude
7. {{transliteration|sa|dayā}} ({{lang|sa|दया}}): compassion
8. {{transliteration|sa|mitāhāra}} ({{lang|sa|मितहार}}): measured diet
9. {{transliteration|sa|śauca}} ({{lang|sa|शौच}}): purity, cleanliness

In some texts, such as by Adi Sankara, this virtue is called as {{transliteration|sa|bhavasamsuddhi}}, and explained as purity of motive and freedom of mind from hypocrisy, both in one’s social conduct and within oneself where one’s thoughts, words, and actions resonate. It is a virtue that empowers one to act and live without anxiety, anger, prejudice, inner conflict, or confusion. It is also discussed in Bhagwad Gita in verse 17.16.{{cite book | translator-last=Chapple | translator-first=Christopher Key | title=The Bhagavad Gita | publisher=State University of New York Press | date=2009 | isbn=978-1-4384-2842-0 | page=649}}

The Mahābhārata, in book 12, chapter 60, lists {{transliteration|sa|adambha}} (non-hypocrisy) as a virtue along with {{transliteration|sa|akrodha}} (non-anger), {{transliteration|sa|kshama}} (forgiveness), and others.{{cite book | last=Proudfoot | first=Ian | title=Ahiṃsā and a Mahābhārata Story | date=1987 | isbn=978-0-7315-0143-4 | page=185| publisher=Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University }} In chapter 278, the epic explains how and why hypocrisy arises, suggesting that it derives from the sin of covetousness, greed, and attachment to superficial possessions.{{cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/m12b100.htm|title=Shanti Parva: The Mahabharata, Section CCLXXIII|translator-first=K.M.|translator-last=Ganguli}}

Patanjali's treatise on Yoga lists only five {{transliteration|sa|yamas}}, which includes non-covetousness and non-possessiveness ({{transliteration|sa|asteya}} and {{transliteration|sa|aparigraha}} respectively), but does not include {{transliteration|sa|arjava}}.{{Citation | translator-last =Woods | translator-first =James Haughton | year =2003 | title = The yoga-system of Patañjali; or, The ancient Hindu doctrine of concentration of mind | url=https://archive.org/details/yogasystemofpata00wooduoft|publisher =Courier Dover Publications |isbn=978-0-486-43200-7}}

• {{annotated link|Ahiṃsā}}
• {{annotated link|Akrodha}}
• {{annotated link|Asteya}}
• {{annotated link|Brahmacharya}}
• {{annotated link|Dāna}}
• {{annotated link|Dayā}}
• {{annotated link|Dhṛti}}
• {{annotated link|Kṣamā}}
• {{annotated link|Mitahara}}
• {{annotated link|Satya}}
• {{annotated link|Śauca}}

{{reflist}}

{{Virtues}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arjava}}

Category:Hindu ethics

Category:Hindu philosophical concepts

Category:Jain ethics

Category:Yoga concepts