arteriosclerosis

The signs and symptoms of arteriosclerosis depend on the vessel affected by the disease. If affecting cerebral or ophthalmic vessels, as in cerebrovascular accidents or transient ischemic attacks, signs and symptoms may include sudden weakness, facial or lower limb numbness, confusion, difficulty understanding speech, and problems seeing. If affecting coronary vessels, as in coronary artery disease (including acute myocardial ischemia or a "heart attack"), signs and symptoms may include chest pain.{{cn|date=January 2022}}

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The lesions of arteriosclerosis begin as the intima (innermost layer of blood vessel wall) of an artery start to fill up with the deposition of cellular wastes. As these start to mature, they can take different forms of arteriosclerosis. All are linked through common features such as the stiffening of arterial vessels, thickening of arterial walls and the degenerative nature of the disease.{{Cite book |last=Rubin |first=Raphael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wb2TzY9AgJ0C&q=arteriosclerosis%2520%2520pathology&pg=PA462 |title=Rubin's Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine |last2=Strayer |first2=David S. |last3=Rubin |first3=Emanuel |date=2011-02-01 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=9781605479682 |archive-date=2024-09-29 |access-date=2020-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929000147/https://books.google.com/books?id=wb2TzY9AgJ0C&q=arteriosclerosis%2520%2520pathology&pg=PA462#v=snippet&q=arteriosclerosis%2520%2520pathology&f=false |url-status=live }}{{Cite journal |last=Insull |first=William |year=2009 |title=The Pathology of Atherosclerosis: Plaque Development and Plaque Responses to Medical Treatment |journal=The American Journal of Medicine |volume=122 |issue=1 Suppl |pages=S3–S14 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.10.013 |pmid=19110086}}

• Arteriolosclerosis, unlike atherosclerosis, is a sclerosis that only affects small arteries and arterioles, which carry nutrients and blood to the cells.{{Cite book |last=Diehm |first=C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ptn6CAAAQBAJ&q=arteriosclerosis%2520definition&pg=PA7 |title=Color Atlas of Vascular Diseases |last2=Allenberg |first2=J.-R. |last3=Nimura-Eckert |first3=K. |last4=Veith |first4=F. J. |date=2013-11-11 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9783662062876 |archive-date=2024-09-29 |access-date=2020-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929000148/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ptn6CAAAQBAJ&q=arteriosclerosis%2520definition&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q=arteriosclerosis%2520definition&f=false |url-status=live }}
• Atherosclerosis is the narrowing of arteries from a buildup of plaque, usually made up of cholesterol, fatty substances, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin, inside the arteries. This affects large and medium-sized arteries; however, its positioning varies person to person.{{Cite web |title=Atherosclerosis |url=https://medlineplus.gov/atherosclerosis.html |website=MedlinePlus |access-date=2023-04-15 |archive-date=2016-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705110655/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/atherosclerosis.html |url-status=live }}
• Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis or medial calcific sclerosis is seen mostly in the elderly, commonly in arteries of the extremities.{{Cite book |last=Mohan |first=Harsh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x3n3cNOSH5AC&q=Monckeberg%27s%2520arteriosclerosis&pg=PA40 |title=Pathology Practical Book |date=2012-11-30 |publisher=JP Medical Ltd |isbn=9789350902660 |archive-date=2024-09-29 |access-date=2020-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929000240/https://books.google.com/books?id=x3n3cNOSH5AC&q=Monckeberg%27s%2520arteriosclerosis&pg=PA40#v=snippet&q=Monckeberg's%2520arteriosclerosis&f=false |url-status=live }}
• Hyperplastic: Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis refers to the type of arteriosclerosis that affects large and medium-sized arteries.{{Cite web |title=hyperplastic arteriosclerosis |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hyperplastic+arteriosclerosis |access-date=2015-06-19 |archive-date=2018-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120112341/https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hyperplastic+arteriosclerosis |url-status=live }}
• Hyaline type: Hyaline arteriosclerosis, also referred to as arterial hyalinosis and arteriolar hyalinosis, refers to lesions that are caused by the deposition of homogenous hyaline in the small arteries and arterioles.{{Cite web |title=hyaline arteriolosclerosis |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hyaline+arteriolosclerosis |access-date=2015-06-19 |archive-date=2018-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120075656/https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hyaline+arteriolosclerosis |url-status=live }}

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{{Further|atherosclerosis#Diagnosis}}

Diagnosis of an individual suspected of having arteriosclerosis can be based on a physical exam, blood test, EKG and the results of these tests (among other exams).{{Cite web |title=How Is Atherosclerosis Diagnosed? - NHLBI, NIH |url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/atherosclerosis/diagnosis |access-date=2015-06-19 |website=www.nhlbi.nih.gov |archive-date=2017-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005113453/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/atherosclerosis/diagnosis |url-status=live }}

Treatment is often in the form of preventive measures of prophylaxis. Medical therapy is often prescribed to help prevent arteriosclerosis for underlying conditions, such as medications for the treatment of high cholesterol (e.g., statins, cholesterol absorption inhibitors), medications to treat high blood pressure (e.g., ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers),{{Cite web |title=ACE inhibitors |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000087.htm |website=MedlinePlus |access-date=2021-09-21 |archive-date=2016-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705061416/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000087.htm |url-status=live }} and antiplatelet medications. Lifestyle changes are also advised, such as increasing exercise, stopping smoking, and moderating alcohol intake.

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There are a variety of types of surgery:

• Angioplasty and stent placement: A catheter is first inserted into the blocked or narrowed part of the artery, followed by a second one with a deflated balloon that is passed through the catheter into the narrowed area. The balloon is then inflated, pushing the deposits back against the arterial walls, and then a mesh tube is usually left behind to prevent the artery from retightening.{{Cite web |title=Angioplasty |url=https://medlineplus.gov/angioplasty.html |website=MedlinePlus |access-date=2021-09-21 |archive-date=2016-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704221544/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/angioplasty.html |url-status=live }}
• Coronary artery bypass surgery: This surgery creates a new pathway for blood to flow to the heart. The surgeon attaches a healthy piece of vein to the coronary artery, just above and below the blockage to allow bypass.{{Cite web |title=Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery |url=https://medlineplus.gov/coronaryarterybypasssurgery.html |website=MedlinePlus |access-date=2021-09-21 |archive-date=2016-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705060750/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/coronaryarterybypasssurgery.html |url-status=live }}
• Endarterectomy: This is the general procedure for the surgical removal of plaque from the artery that has become narrowed or blocked.{{Cite web |title=Atherosclerosis -Treatment |url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/atherosclerosis/Pages/treatment.aspx |access-date=21 November 2013 |publisher=UK NHS |archive-date=5 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605193055/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Atherosclerosis/Pages/Treatment.aspx |url-status=dead }}
• Thrombolytic therapy: This is a treatment used to break up masses of plaque inside the arteries via intravenous clot-dissolving medicine.{{MedlinePlusEncyclopedia|007089|Thrombolytic therapy}}

In 2008, the US had an estimate of 16 million cases of atherosclerotic heart disease and 5.8 million strokes. Cardiovascular diseases that were caused by arteriosclerosis also caused almost 812,000 deaths in 2008, more than any other cause, including cancer. About 1.2 million Americans are predicted to have a heart attack each year.{{Cite web |title=Atherosclerosis |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart_and_blood_vessel_disorders/atherosclerosis/atherosclerosis.html |access-date=13 February 2015 |website=Merck Manuals |archive-date=27 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327081648/http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart_and_blood_vessel_disorders/atherosclerosis/atherosclerosis.html |url-status=live }}

The diagnostics and clinical implications of this disease were not recognized until the 20th century. Many cases have been observed and recorded, and Jean Lobstein coined the term arteriosclerosis while he was analyzing the composition of calcified arterial lesions.{{Cite journal |last=Mayerl |first=Christina |last2=Lukasser |first2=Melanie |last3=Sedivy |first3=Roland |last4=Niederegger |first4=Harald |last5=Seiler |first5=Ruediger |last6=Wick |first6=Georg |year=2006 |title=Atherosclerosis research from past to present—on the track of two pathologists with opposing views, Carl von Rokitansky and Rudolf Virchow |url=http://bdtd.uftm.edu.br/handle/tede/835 |journal=Virchows Archiv |volume=449 |issue=1 |pages=96–103 |doi=10.1007/s00428-006-0176-7 |pmid=16612625 |s2cid=10899998 |archive-date=2022-03-16 |access-date=2019-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316122511/http://bdtd.uftm.edu.br/handle/tede/835 |url-status=live }}

The name "arteriosclerosis" is derived the Greek words ἀρτηρία (artēría, artery) and σκληρωτικός (sklērōtikós, hardened).{{Cite book |last=Copstead-Kirkhorn |first=Lee-Ellen C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i7jwAwAAQBAJ&q=arteriosclerosis+word+origin&pg=PA322 |title=Pathophysiology |last2=Banasik |first2=Jacquelyn L. |date=2014-06-25 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=9780323293174 |page=322 |language=en |access-date=25 July 2016 |archive-date=2024-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929000149/https://books.google.com/books?id=i7jwAwAAQBAJ&q=arteriosclerosis+word+origin&pg=PA322#v=snippet&q=arteriosclerosis%20word%20origin&f=false |url-status=live }}

{{Reflist}}

• [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350569 Mayoclinic-atherosclerosis]
• {{Cite journal |last=Lusis |first=Aldons J |last2=Mar |first2=Rebecca |last3=Pajukanta |first3=Päivi |year=2004 |title=Genetics of Atherosclerosis |journal=Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics |volume=5 |pages=189–218 |doi=10.1146/annurev.genom.5.061903.175930 |pmc=3362664 |pmid=15485348}}

{{Scholia|disease}}

{{Commons}}

{{Medical resources

| DiseasesDB = 1039

| ICD10 ={{ICD10|I25.0}},{{ICD10|I25.1}},{{ICD10|I70}}

| eMedicineTopic =

| MeshID = D001161

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{{Vascular diseases}}

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Category:Vascular diseases

Category:Medical conditions related to obesity