aryl group
{{Short description|Molecular groups or substituents derived from an aromatic ring}}
{{about|the aryl organic functional group|the covering of certain seeds|aril}}
File:Phenyl-group.svg is the simplest aryl group, here bonded to an "R" group.]]
In organic chemistry, an aryl is any functional group or substituent derived from an aromatic ring, usually an aromatic hydrocarbon, such as phenyl and naphthyl.{{GoldBookRef |title=aryl groups |file=A00464}} "Aryl" is used for the sake of abbreviation or generalization, and "Ar" is used as a placeholder for the aryl group in chemical structure diagrams, analogous to “R” used for any organic substituent. “Ar” is not to be confused with the elemental symbol for argon.
A simple aryl group is phenyl ({{chem2|C6H5\s}}), a group derived from benzene. Examples of other aryl groups consist of:
- The tolyl group ({{chem2|CH3C6H4\s}}) which is derived from toluene (methylbenzene)
- The xylyl group ({{chem2|(CH3)2C6H3\s}}), which is derived from xylene (dimethylbenzene)
- The naphthyl group ({{chem2|C10H7\s}}), which is derived from naphthalene
Arylation is the process in which an aryl group is attached to a substituent. It is typically achieved by cross-coupling reactions.
Nomenclature
The simplest aryl group is phenyl, which is made up of a benzene ring with one of its hydrogen atom replaced by some substituent, and has the molecular formula {{chem2|C6H5\s}}. Note that a phenyl group is not the same as a benzyl group, the latter consisting of a phenyl group attached to a methyl group and a molecular formula of {{chem2|C6H5CH2\s}}.{{cite book|last1=Carey|first1=Francis|last2=Sundberg|first2=Richard|date=2008|title=Advanced Organic Chemistry, Part A: Structure and Mechanisms| edition= 5th |publisher= Springer}}
To name compounds containing phenyl groups, the phenyl group can be taken to be the parent hydrocarbon and be represented by the suffix {{nowrap|"{{ndash}}{{hsp}}benzene".}} Alternatively, the phenyl group could be treated as the substituent, being described within the name as "phenyl". This is usually done when the group attached to the phenyl group consists of six or more carbon atoms.{{cite book|author= IUPAC, Commission on Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry|title= A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds (Recommendations 1993)|date= 1993|via= acdlabs.com|publisher= Blackwell Scientific Publications|url= http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/93/r93_671.htm|access-date= 2017-10-26|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140208214014/http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/93/r93_671.htm|archive-date= 2014-02-08|url-status= dead}}
As an example, consider a hydroxyl group connected to a phenyl group. In this case, if the phenyl group were taken to be the parent hydrocarbon, the compound would be named hydroxybenzene. Alternatively, and more commonly, the hydroxyl group could be taken as the parent group and the phenyl group treated as the substituent, resulting in the more familiar name phenol.{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=William Henry |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/974377227 |title=Organic chemistry |date=2018 |others=Brent L. Iverson, Eric V. Anslyn, Christopher S. Foote |isbn=978-1-305-58035-0 |edition=8th |location=Boston, MA |oclc=974377227}}
Reactions
{{main|arene}}
See also
- Alkyl
- Aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a bodily target for dioxins{{cite journal |author=Bock KW, Köhle C |title=Ah receptor: dioxin-mediated toxic responses as hints to deregulated physiologic functions |journal=Biochem. Pharmacol. |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=393–404 |year=2006 |pmid=16545780 |doi=10.1016/j.bcp.2006.01.017}}
- Aryloxy group
- Arene compound
References
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