assassination of Rajiv Gandhi

Rajiv Gandhi campaigned on behalf of the Indian National Congress and its state affiliates, such as the Tamil Nadu Congress Committee, in the 1991 Indian general election. On 21 May, after campaigning in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, his next stop was Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu. About two hours after arriving in Madras (now Chennai), Gandhi was driven by motorcade in a white Ambassador car to Sriperumbudur, stopping along the way at a few other election campaigning venues.Barbara Crossette, [https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/22/world/assassination-india-rajiv-gandhi-assassinated-bombing-campaign-stop-india-puts.html "Assassination in India; Rajiv Gandhi is assassinated in bombing at campaign stop"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113165653/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/22/world/assassination-india-rajiv-gandhi-assassinated-bombing-campaign-stop-india-puts.html?scp=2&sq=rajiv%20gandhi%20crossette&st=cse |date=13 January 2017 }} The New York Times, 22 May 1991. Neena Gopal of the Gulf News of Dubai was also in the car, in the back seat with a local candidate, Maragatham Chandrasekar.Barbara Crossette, [https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1991/05/22/a-chance-to-be-near-the-people-new-campaigning-style-put-gandhi-in-crowds/ "A Chance To Be Near The People New Campaigning Style Put Gandhi In Crowds"] New York Times, 22 May 1991, via Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 2010-07-19.

When Gandhi reached a campaign rally in Sriperumbudur, he left his car and began walking towards the dais where he was to deliver a speech. Along the way, he was garlanded by many well-wishers, Indian National Congress workers and school children. The assassin, Kalaivani Rajaratnam, approached and greeted him. She then bent down to touch his feet and detonated an RDX explosive-laden belt tucked below her dress at exactly 10:10 PM.{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2018/may/21/a-look-back-at-rajiv-gandhi-assassination-rare-images-from-the-past-101515.html |title=A look back at Rajiv Gandhi assassination: Rare images from the past |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=12 May 2019 |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514210449/http://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2018/may/21/a-look-back-at-rajiv-gandhi-assassination-rare-images-from-the-past-101515.html |url-status=dead }} Gandhi, Rajaratnam and 14 others were killed in the explosion that followed, along with 43 others who were grievously injured. The assassination was caught on film by a local photographer, Haribabu (also a conspirator),Supreme Court of India, State Of Tamil Nadu Through vs Nalini And 25 Others on 11 May 1999 [https://indiankanoon.org/doc/194120/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213002144/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/194120/|date=13 December 2020}} who also died in the blast but whose camera and film was found intact at the site.

Apart from former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and the suicide bomber Kalaivani Rajaratnam, 15 people perished in the blast:{{Cite web |date=2016-05-22 |title=The others who died with Rajiv Gandhi: Families talk of struggle, neglect |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/rajiv-gandhi-assassination-other-people-killed-2813120/ |access-date=2020-11-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=20 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120180705/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/rajiv-gandhi-assassination-other-people-killed-2813120/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2017 |first=Prabhash K. |last=Dutta |title=Remembering Rajiv Gandhi: What exactly happened on that fateful night of May 21 in Madras and New Delhi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajiv-gandhi-assassination-sriperumbudur-new-delhi-978318-2017-05-21 |access-date=2020-11-30 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021225954/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajiv-gandhi-assassination-sriperumbudur-new-delhi-978318-2017-05-21 |url-status=live }}

• Dharman, police constable
• Santhani Begum, Mahila Congress leader
• Rajaguru, police inspector
• Chandra, police constable
• Edward Joseph, police inspector
• K. S. Mohammed Iqbal, police superintendent
• Latha Kannan, Mahila Congress worker, who was with her daughter Kokilavani{{Cite web |first1=Shekhar |last1=Gupta |first2=Kavitha |last2=Shetty |first3=Anand |last3=Viswanathan |date=June 30, 1991 |title=LTTE key suspect in Rajiv Gandhi assassination probe |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19910630-ltte-key-suspect-in-rajiv-gandhi-assassination-probe-815528-1991-06-30 |access-date=2021-09-27 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927202632/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19910630-ltte-key-suspect-in-rajiv-gandhi-assassination-probe-815528-1991-06-30 |url-status=live }}
• Kokilavani, ten-year-old daughter of Latha Kannan, who sang a poem to Gandhi immediately before the blast
• Darryl Jude Peters, attendee and observer
• Munuswamy, former member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Council
• Saroja Devi, seventeen-year-old college student
• Pradeep K. Gupta, personal security officer of Rajiv Gandhi
• Ethiraju
• Murugan, police constable
• Ravichandran, Black Cat command
• Haribabu, a conspirator with Kalaivani Rajaratnam

Around 43 bystanders, including police sub-inspector Anushiya Daisy, were injured in the explosion; there were 59 casualties in total.{{Cite news |first=Peter |last=Petlee |date=2012-05-01 |title=Women Power: Living with grit and painful memories |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/downtown/women-power-living-with-grit-and-painful-memories/article3421265.ece |access-date=2020-11-30 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=13 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113051247/https://www.thehindu.com/features/downtown/women-power-living-with-grit-and-painful-memories/article3421265.ece |url-status=live }}

{{more citations needed|section|date=May 2021}}

The Supreme Court held that the decision to eliminate Gandhi was precipitated by his interview with Sunday magazine (21–28 August 1990), where he stated that he would send the IPKF to disarm the LTTE if he returned to power. Gandhi also defended the signing of the Indo-Sri Lanka accord in the same interview. The LTTE's decision to kill him was perhaps aimed at preventing him from coming to power again. Thereafter, the Justice J. S. Verma Commission was formed to look into the security lapses that contributed to the killing.

The final report, submitted in June 1992, concluded that the security arrangements for the former PM were adequate but that the local Congress party leaders disrupted and broke these arrangements.{{cite web |last=Patel |first=Tejas |title=Rajiv assassination mystery unsolved |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/showcolumns.aspx?id=COLEN20070012787 |work=Article |publisher=NDTV.com |access-date=21 May 2011 |archive-date=10 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510204922/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/showcolumns.aspx?id=COLEN20070012787 |url-status=live }}

The findings raised vital questions that political analysts have consistently raised. The Narasimha Rao government initially rejected Verma's findings but later accepted it under pressure. However, no action was taken on the recommendations of the commission.

Sources have indicated that Gandhi was repeatedly informed that there was a threat to his life and that he should not travel to Tamil Nadu. The then governor of Tamil Nadu Bhishma Narain Singh, broke official protocol and twice warned Gandhi about the threat to his life if he visited the state.

Subramanian Swamy said in his book, Sri Lanka in Crisis: India's Options (2007), that an LTTE delegation had met Rajiv Gandhi on 5 March 1991. Another delegation met him around 14 March 1991 in New Delhi.

Journalist Ram Bahadur Rai wrote that:

The message conveyed to Rajiv Gandhi by both these delegations was that there was no threat to his life and he could travel to Tamil Nadu without fearing for his life. I did a series of articles after his assassination that pointed out how, after these meetings, Rajiv became complacent about his security and broke security rules in more than 40 rallies.{{cite web |last=Patel |first=Tejas |title=Rajiv assassination mystery unsolved |url=http://www.asiantribune.com/node/5839 |work=Article |publisher=Asian Tribune |access-date=21 May 2011 |archive-date=1 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801172643/http://www.asiantribune.com/node/5839 |url-status=live }}

File:Rajiv Gandhi Memorial path.jpg

Following his assassination, Rajiv Gandhi's mutilated body was airlifted to New Delhi. From the Indira Gandhi International Airport, his body was sent to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences in New Delhi for an autopsy, reconstruction and embalming.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAZVQqntxY0C&q=rajiv+gandhi+body+reconstructed&pg=PA70 |title=Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi — Shashi Ahluwalia, Meenakshi Ahluwalia |isbn=9788170993155 |access-date=2013-01-19 |last1=Ahluwalia |first1=Meenakshi |date=January 1991|publisher=Mittal Publications }}

A state funeral was held for Rajiv Gandhi on 24 May 1991. His funeral was broadcast live nationally and internationally and was attended by dignitaries from over 60 countries.{{cite web |url=http://www.publishyourarticles.net/knowledge-hub/essay/assassination-of-rajiv-gandhi-and-its-aftermath-essay.html |title=Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi and its aftermath |publisher=Knowledge Hub |date=1991-05-21 |access-date=2013-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430204658/http://www.publishyourarticles.net/knowledge-hub/essay/assassination-of-rajiv-gandhi-and-its-aftermath-essay.html |archive-date=2013-04-30 |url-status=dead}} He was cremated on the banks of the river Yamuna, near the cremation spot of his mother, brother and grandfather. Today, the site where he was cremated is known as Veerbhumi.

Immediately after the assassination, the Chandra Shekhar government handed the investigation over to the CBI on 22 May 1991. The agency created a special investigation team (SIT) under D. R. Karthikeyan{{cite web |url=http://www.thesnacademy.ac.in/board-of-governors-karthikeyan.html |title=Profile of D.R.Karthikeyan |website=www.thesnacademy.ac.in |access-date=2 October 2017 |archive-date=24 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624125502/http://www.thesnacademy.ac.in/board-of-governors-karthikeyan.html |url-status=live }} to determine who was responsible for the assassination. The SIT probe confirmed the role of the LTTE in the assassination,{{cite web |last1=Subramanian |first1=T.S |title=A mystery solved |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1611/16111060.htm |website=www.frontline.in |publisher=Frontline |access-date=10 Aug 2014 |archive-date=24 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624073931/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1611/16111060.htm |url-status=live }} which was upheld by the Supreme Court of India.{{cite news |last1=Keerthana |first1=R |title=Rajiv's death – a revisit |url=http://www.thehindu.com/in-school/rajivs-death-a-revisit/article5814423.ece |access-date=10 Aug 2014 |work=The Hindu |date=21 Mar 2014 |archive-date=24 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624074455/http://www.thehindu.com/in-school/rajivs-death-a-revisit/article5814423.ece |url-status=live }}

The Commission report stated that the year 1989 signified "the perpetuation of the general political trend of indulging the Tamil militants on Indian soil and tolerance of their wide-ranging criminal and anti-national activities". The report also alleged that LTTE leaders in Jaffna were in possession of sensitive coded messages exchanged between the Union government and the state government. "There is evidence to show that, during this period, some of the most vital wireless messages were passed between the LTTE operatives based in Tamil Nadu and Jaffna. These messages, which were decoded later, are directly related to the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi", the report stated. The Congress subsequently brought down the United Front (UF) government of I K Gujral after the report was leaked in November 1998.

{{Infobox person

| name = Kalaivani Rajaratnam

| other_names = Dhanu, Anbu

| image =

| native_name_lang =

| pronunciation =

| birth_date = 26 July 1968

| birth_place = Kaithady Nunavil, Jaffna

| death_date = 21 May 1991 (aged 22)

| death_place = Sriperumbudur

| nationality = Sri Lankan

}}

The assassination was carried out by Kalaivani Rajaratnam alias Dhanu. She was born on 26 July 1968 in Kaithady Nunavil, Jaffna Peninsula. It was after joining the LTTE that she came to be known by the assumed name Thenmozhi. Her family hailed from Kupukullai, a small village in Jaffna. She studied in Vavuniya and Batticaloa.{{Cite web |date=August 31, 1991 |first=Anirudhya |last=Mitra |title=Mastermind of Rajiv Gandhi's assassination, Sivarasan, is a man with many names |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19910831-investigations-of-rajiv-gandhi-murder-reveal-that-sivarasan-is-a-man-with-many-names-814736-1991-08-31 |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920212457/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19910831-investigations-of-rajiv-gandhi-murder-reveal-that-sivarasan-is-a-man-with-many-names-814736-1991-08-31 |url-status=live }} She also temporarily lived in Urumpirai. She was inspired by the Tamil militant group Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Tamil Tigers) at a young age, and joined the Black Tigers (suicide bombers) after an ankle injury.{{Cite book |last=Heynes |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_OVEDAAAQBAJ&dq=dhanu+%C2%A0rajiv+gandhi+ankle+padma+google+books&pg=PT193 |title=The Bleeding Island: Scars and Wounds |date=2016-05-24 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-4828-7478-5 |language=en}} She was known as “captain Akino” and was a flag bearer for female LTTE marches.{{Cite book |last=kaarthikeyan |first=D. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCnjCQAAQBAJ |title=The Rajiv Gandhi Assassination: The Investigation |date=2015-06-23 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-9308-8 |language=en}} Another reason why Kalaivani became a Tiger is that her brother was a well-known cadre who had died and she was carrying on the family tradition.{{Cite news |last1=Bloom |first1=Mia |last2=Caryl |first2=Christian |title=The Truth about Dhanu |journal=New York Review of Books |language=en |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2005/10/20/the-truth-about-dhanu/ |access-date=2021-04-17 |issn=0028-7504 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417200403/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2005/10/20/the-truth-about-dhanu/ |url-status=live }}

Kalaivani was the daughter of a Sri Lankan Tamil man named A. Rajaratnam{{Cite web |date=June 14, 2013 |title=Rajiv Gandhi assassination: Dhanu, the first-ever human bomb in Sri Lanka's history |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19920531-rajiv-gandhi-assassination-dhanu-the-first-ever-human-bomb-in-sri-lankas-history-766314-2013-06-14 |access-date=2021-04-12 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=7 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807155707/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19920531-rajiv-gandhi-assassination-dhanu-the-first-ever-human-bomb-in-sri-lankas-history-766314-2013-06-14 |url-status=live }} and his second wife. A. Rajaratnam's first wife died during childbirth in 1962, when he was visiting tea estates.{{Cite web |last=Swamy |first=MR Narayan |date=2022-11-28 |title=Father of Rajiv Gandhi's assassin Dhanu was a fan of Nehru |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/tamilnadu/father-of-rajiv-gandhis-assassin-dhanu-was-a-fan-of-nehru/ |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=The South First |language=en-GB}} Rajaratnam was described as Velupillai Prabhakaran's mentor, and he played a vital role in moulding the LTTE chief's thinking during the movement's formative years between 1972 and 1975. A. Rajaratnam died in 1975 when Kalaivani was 7; he was in Chennai, and his body was airlifted to Jaffna, where his funeral was held.{{Cite web |last=Swamy |first=MR Narayan |date=2022-11-28 |title=Father of Rajiv Gandhi's assassin Dhanu was a fan of Nehru |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/tamilnadu/father-of-rajiv-gandhis-assassin-dhanu-was-a-fan-of-nehru/ |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=The South First |language=en-GB}} Marital status of Kalaivani at the time of her death, is not known to the general public. Kalaivani was survived by her mother, brother Sivavarman and two sisters, Anuja and Vasugi, the former died in a skirmish with the Indian army in Weli Oya in late 1991 and the latter moved to France.

Kalaivani is related to Sivarasan and Subha, two co-conspirators of the plot. Sivarasan's mother, Sivapackiyam was the sister of Kalaivani's father whereas Subha's parents are related to Sivarasan's father. Another assumed reason as to why they were selected to assassinate Rajiv Gandhi was due to the genetics of the Rajaratnam-Pillai clan, of which many exhibited drastically different front and side profiles.{{Cite web |title=Mastermind of Rajiv Gandhi's assassination, Sivarasan, is a man with many names |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19910831-investigations-of-rajiv-gandhi-murder-reveal-that-sivarasan-is-a-man-with-many-names-814736-1991-08-30 |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=India Today |date=31 August 1991 |language=en}}

The court convicted and sentenced the seven persons who facilitated the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi to life imprisonment. On November 11, 2022, the Supreme Court of India ordered the release of six convicts in the 1991 Rajiv Gandhi assassination case, after the Tamil Nadu government controversially recommended their remission in March 2016, the convicts are:

• V. Sriharan alias Murugan – A LTTE operative from Sri Lanka
• S. Nalini Sriharan – Wife of V. Sriharan. Nalini is a citizen of India.
• T. Suthendraraja alias Santhan – A Sri Lankan national.
• Robert Pious – A Sri Lankan national.
• Jayakumar – The brother-in-law of Robert Pious.
• Ravichandran – A Sri Lankan national.{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/rajiv-gandhi-murder-who-are-the-7-convicts-the-tn-govt-wants-to-free-1398193.html |title=Rajiv Gandhi murder: Who are the 7 convicts the TN govt wants to free? |date=20 February 2014 |access-date=21 August 2020 |archive-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428223030/https://www.firstpost.com/india/rajiv-gandhi-murder-who-are-the-7-convicts-the-tn-govt-wants-to-free-1398193.html |url-status=live }}
• A. G. Perarivalan – An Indian citizen who was arrested for supplying a 9-volt battery for the explosive device.

As per the Supreme Court of India judgment, by Judge K. T. Thomas, the killing was carried out due to personal animosity of the LTTE chief Prabhakaran towards Rajiv Gandhi arising from his sending the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) to Sri Lanka and the numerous war crimes perpetrated by IPKF personnel against Sri Lankan Tamils.State of Tamil Nadu through Superintendent of Police, CBI/SIT vs. Nalini & 25 Ors., Death Ref. Case No. 1 of 1998 (@ D.No.1151 of 1998) per [http://cbi.nic.in/dop/judgements/thomas.pdf K.T. Thomas] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102222525/http://cbi.nic.in/dop/judgements/thomas.pdf|date=2 November 2011}}, para. 163 Additionally, the Rajiv Gandhi administration had antagonised other Tamil militant organisations like PLOTE for reversing the military coup in Maldives back in 1988.{{Cite web |url=http://cbi.nic.in/dop/judgements/thomas.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102222525/http://cbi.nic.in/dop/judgements/thomas.pdf |archive-date=2011-11-02 |url-status=dead}}

The judgment further cited the death of Thileepan in a hunger strike and the suicide by 12 LTTE cadres in a vessel in October 1987. While convicting the accused, four of them to death and others to various jail terms, the judgment stated that no evidence existed that any one of the conspirators ever desired the death of any Indian other than Rajiv Gandhi, though several others were killed. Judge Wadhwa further stated there was nothing on record to show that the intention to kill Rajiv Gandhi was to overawe the government. Hence it was held that it was not a terrorist act under TADA (Act).{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1611/16111030.htm |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |title=Out of the TADA net |access-date=22 August 2007 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930222005/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1611/16111030.htm |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://cbi.nic.in/judgements/thomas.pdf |title=Death Reference Case No. (@ D.NO.1151 of 1998) |publisher=Cbi.nic.in |access-date=2014-08-03}}{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Judge Thomas further stated that conspiracy was hatched in stages commencing from 1987 and that it spanned several years. The special investigation team of India's premier special investigation agency Central Bureau of Investigation was not able to pinpoint when the decision to kill Rajiv Gandhi was taken.

The trial was conducted under the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities Act. On 28 January 1998, the designated TADA court in Chennai gave death sentences to all the 26 accused.{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rajiv-gandhi-assassination-case-tracing-the-trial/453154-3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225174236/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rajiv-gandhi-assassination-case-tracing-the-trial/453154-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-02-25 |title=Rajiv Gandhi assassination case: tracing the trial |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |access-date=2014-08-03}}{{cite web |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/rajiv-gandhi-assassination-timeline.html |title=Rajiv Gandhi assassination Timeline |publisher=Dailypioneer.com |date=2014-02-20 |access-date=2014-08-03 |archive-date=24 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624080013/http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/rajiv-gandhi-assassination-timeline.html |url-status=live }} This created a storm in India. Legal experts were divided.{{cite news |author1=Bhavna Vij |author2=Swati Chaturvedi |name-list-style=amp |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980130/03050184.html |title=Legal luminaries divided on death verdict in Rajiv assassination case |publisher=The Indian Express |date=1998-01-30 |access-date=2013-08-30 |archive-date=27 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227020540/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980130/03050184.html |url-status=live }} Human rights groups protested that the trial did not meet the standards of a free trial.[http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA200222000?open&of=ENG-IND India: The Prevention of Terrorism Bill. Past abuses revisited | Amnesty International] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061203190256/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA200222000?open&of=ENG-IND |date=3 December 2006 }} The trial was held behind closed doors, in chambers, and the identity of witnesses was not disclosed. Ms A. Athirai, an accused, was 17 years old when she was arrested.

Under the TADA an accused can appeal only to the Supreme Court. Appeal to the High Court is not allowed as in normal law.{{cite web |url=http://www.derechos.org/saran/lanka/3298.html |title=Human Rights Bulletin on Srfati Lanka |publisher=Derechos.org |access-date=2014-08-03 |archive-date=24 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624080815/http://www.derechos.org/saran/lanka/3298.html |url-status=live }} Confessions given by the accused to the Superintendent of Police are taken as evidence against the accused under TADA. Under TADA the accused could be convicted based on evidence that would have been insufficient for conviction by an ordinary court under normal Indian law. In the Rajiv Gandhi case, confessions by the accused formed a major part of the evidence in the judgment against them which they later claimed was taken under duress.{{cite web |title=In the Supreme Court of India Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction |url=http://cbi.nic.in/Judgements/wadwa.htm |website=cbi.nic.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070122000734/http://cbi.nic.in/Judgements/wadwa.htm |archive-date=2007-01-22}}

On appeal to the Supreme Court, only four accused were sentenced to death and the others to various jail terms. S. Nalini Sriharan is the lone surviving member of the five-member squad behind the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi and is serving life imprisonment. Arrested on 14 June 1991, she was sentenced to death, along with the other 25 accused. However, the court confirmed that the death sentence was given to only four of the convicts, including Nalini, on 11 May 1999. Nalini, who is the wife of an LTTE operative known as V. Sriharan alias Murugan, another convict in the case who had been sentenced to death, later gave birth to a girl, Harithra Murugan in prison. Upon the intervention of Rajiv Gandhi's widow and Congress president Sonia Gandhi, who petitioned for clemency for the sake of Nalini's daughter in 2000, the death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. Nalini was treated as a class 'A' convict from 10 September 1999 till the privilege was withdrawn in May 2010 after a mobile phone was allegedly recovered from her cell during a surprise check. She "regrets" the killing of the former Prime Minister and claims that the real conspirators have not been booked yet.{{cite news |agency=PTI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/I-regret-Rajiv-Gandhis-assassination-Nalini/articleshow/3320790.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430180742/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-03/india/27901060_1_rajiv-gandhi-assassination-case-nalini-sriharan-suicide-bomber |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-04-30 |title=I regret Rajiv Gandhi's assassination: Nalini |date=2008-08-03 |work=The Times of India |access-date=2013-08-30}}{{cite news |agency=IANS |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_my-sins-washed-away-says-nalini-sriharan_1159967 |title=My sins washed away, says Nalini Sriharan |publisher=DNA India |date=2008-04-16 |access-date=2013-08-30 |archive-date=4 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404182419/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_my-sins-washed-away-says-nalini-sriharan_1159967 |url-status=live }} The President of India rejected the clemency pleas of Murugan and two others on death row, T Suthendraraja alias Santhan and A G Perarivalan alias Arivu in August 2011.{{cite news |agency=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nalini-meets-hubby-on-death-row-/articleshow/9939678.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430171036/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-11/india/30141652_1_vellore-prison-nalini-sriharan-puzhal-prison |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-04-30 |title=Nalini meets hubby on death row |date=2011-09-11 |work=The Times of India |access-date=2013-08-30}} The execution of the three convicts was scheduled for 9 September 2011. However, the Madras High Court intervened and stayed their execution for eight weeks based on their petitions. Nalini was shifted back to Vellore prison from Puzhal prison amidst tight security on 7 September 2011. In 2010, Nalini moved the Madras High Court seeking release as she had served more than 20 years in prison. She argued that even life convicts were released after 14 years. However, the state government rejected her request.{{cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Rajiv+Gandhi+assassin+Nalini+Sriharan+not+to+be+freed/1/90329.html |title=Rajiv Gandhi assassin Nalini Sriharan not to be freed |publisher=India Today |date=2010-03-29 |access-date=2013-08-30 |archive-date=6 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006004448/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Rajiv+Gandhi+assassin+Nalini+Sriharan+not+to+be+freed/1/90329.html |url-status=live }}{{cite news |agency=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rajiv-Gandhis-assassin-Nalini-gets-back-A-class-jail-facilities/articleshow/12283636.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227060118/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-16/india/31200948_1_special-prison-puzhal-m-radhakrishnan |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-02-27 |title=Rajiv Gandhi's assassin Nalini gets back 'A' class jail facilities |date=2012-03-16 |work=The Times of India |access-date=2013-08-30}}{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/rajiv-gandhi-s-killer-nalini-breaks-down-132130 |title=Rajiv Gandhi's killer Nalini breaks down |publisher=NDTV |date=2011-09-07 |access-date=2013-08-30 |archive-date=30 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430195136/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/rajiv-gandhi-s-killer-nalini-breaks-down-132130 |url-status=live }} Murugan, Santhan and Perarivalan, the three convicts condemned to death, claimed that they were not ordinary criminals but political prisoners.{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-rajiv-gandhi-assassination-convict-nalini-shifted-to-vellore-prison-1584208 |title=Nalini Sriharan back in Vellore |publisher=DNA India |date=2011-09-07 |access-date=2013-08-30}}{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Nalini-shifted-from-Vellore-jail-to-Puzhal/articleshow/6103653.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430154648/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-06-29/chennai/28311629_1_premature-release-prison-manual-rules-nalini-sriharan |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-04-30 |title=Nalini shifted from Vellore jail to Puzhal |date=2010-06-29 |work=The Times of India |access-date=2013-08-30}}{{cite news |author=A Subramani |agency=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/After-19-yrs-in-jail-for-Rajiv-murder-Nalini-may-be-freed/articleshow/5482411.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430164451/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-21/india/28126770_1_premature-release-vellore-prison-nalini |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-04-30 |title=After 19 yrs in jail for Rajiv murder, Nalini may be freed |date=2010-01-21 |work=The Times of India |access-date=2013-08-30}}

In the Jain report, various people and agencies are named as suspected of having been involved in the murder of Rajiv Gandhi. Among them, the cleric Chandraswami was suspected of involvement, including financing the assassination.[http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_print.asp?id=266715 outlookindia.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015094247/http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_print.asp?id=266715 |date=October 15, 2007 }}{{cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19980711/19250694.html |title=Probe Chandraswami's role in Rajiv case – Jain report |publisher=Expressindia.com |date=1987-09-23 |access-date=2014-08-03 |archive-date=3 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103144945/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19980711/19250694.html |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=CBI sees godman's role in Rajiv's killing |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/Dec112004/i2.asp |website=www.deccanherald.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041228043145/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/Dec112004/i2.asp |archive-date=2004-12-28}} One of the accused, Ranganath, said Chandraswami was the godfather who financed the killing.{{cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19990514/ige14006.html |title=Chandraswami had a hand in the plot |publisher=Expressindia.com |date=1999-05-14 |access-date=2014-08-03 |archive-date=19 November 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041119184638/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19990514/ige14006.html |url-status=live }} In 1998, it was published in a newspaper that an interim report by the Jain commission referred to a letter citing unverified information that Queen Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah of Nepal had asked a courtier general of King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev of Nepal, "to arrange for the assassination of Shri Rajiv Gandhi…(for which) Rs 10 crore would be made available." Also included in the report are said to be the drunken utterances of a policeman confirming the matter.{{cite web |url=https://www.himalmag.com/india-nepal-sri-lanka-a-raw-wound/ |title=Raw Wound |date=31 December 1997 |access-date=7 June 2022 |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006012109/https://www.himalmag.com/india-nepal-sri-lanka-a-raw-wound/ |url-status=live }} The interim report of the Jain Commission created a storm when it accused M. Karunanidhi the former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu of a role in the assassination, leading to Congress withdrawing its support for the I. K. Gujral government and fresh elections in 1998. Also other strong LTTE sympathizers Vaiko with MDMK and Thol. Thirumavalavan with VCK have supported Congress under Sonia Gandhi in the past. Vaiko left the UPA alliance before the 2009 election, partly due to the Sri Lankan issue.

In a report published on 30 October 2012 in DNA India, K. Ragothaman, former chief investigator of the CBI, talks about his new book Conspiracy to Kill Rajiv Gandhi: From the CBI Files and tells the reporter that while the CBI had started a preliminary inquiry in which M. K. Narayanan, former West Bengal Governor and former Intelligence Bureau director, was named a suspect in hiding evidence, the case was buried by the CBI SIT Chief, D. R. Karthikeyan.{{Cite web |date=30 October 2012 |title=IB hid crucial video on Rajiv Gandhi murder: Book |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_ib-hid-crucial-video-on-rajiv-gandhi-murder-book_1757684 |access-date=30 October 2012 |archive-date=1 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101221733/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_ib-hid-crucial-video-on-rajiv-gandhi-murder-book_1757684 |url-status=live }} In an interview in 2017, Justice K.T. Thomas had said that "there were serious flaws" in the CBI's investigation, particularly related to the seizure of Rs. 40 lakh in cash from the convicts, which led him to believe that the probe exposed "an unpardonable flaw" in the "Indian criminal justice system".{{Citation needed|date=October 2019}}

In the 2001 Norway peace talks, Prabhakaran told the press that the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi was a sorrowful event.

In 2006, LTTE spokesman Anton Balasingham told the Indian television channel NDTV that the killing was a "great tragedy, a monumental historical tragedy which we deeply regret".[http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=70062 We deeply regret Rajiv's death: LTTE] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513024836/http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=70062|date=13 May 2007}}{{cite news |date=2006-06-27 |title=Tamil Tiger 'regret' over Gandhi |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5122032.stm |access-date=2008-08-05 |archive-date=21 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621195429/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5122032.stm |url-status=live }}

Months before the assassination, Vazhappady K. Ramamurthy, who served as the president of the Tamil Nadu Congress Committee from 1989 to 1994, produced a letter, purportedly from the LTTE threatening to kill him and Rajiv Gandhi, who had called for a tight clamp down of the LTTE activities in Tamil Nadu. The letter signed by LTTE written in Tamil said that they had received orders from the leadership to eliminate people opposing their "Eelam struggle". The letter further said the following:{{cite book |title=LTTE in the eyes of the world |date=1997 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |isbn=978-955-649-001-5 |url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/541545 |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203161219/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/541545 |url-status=live }}

{{Blockquote

|text=We were made to vacate Ambattur. But we could kill your leader (Mr.Gandhi) no matter where we are based. Do not interfere with our activities. If you continue to interfere, your comrade Parasuraman of Ambattur who sneaked to the police about our presence there, will not be alive}}

In a 2011 interview, Kumaran Pathmanathan, who was the Treasurer of LTTE and its chief arms procurer, apologized to India for Velupillai Prabhakaran's "mistake" of killing former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. He further said Rajiv's assassination was "well planned and done actually with Prabhakaran and (LTTE intelligence chief Pottu Amman). Everyone knows the truth".{{cite news |title=Top LTTE leader apologizes to India for Rajiv's killing |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/top-ltte-leader-apologizes-to-india-for-rajivs-killing/articleshow/8555212.cms |access-date=20 March 2022 |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521060325/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/top-ltte-leader-apologizes-to-india-for-rajivs-killing/articleshow/8555212.cms |url-status=live }}

File:Rajiv Gandhi memorial entrance, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu. 2010.jpg, Tamil Nadu. 2010]]

• The Rajiv Gandhi Memorial was built on the site and is one of the major tourist attractions in the small industrial town.
• Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi: Unanswered Questions and Unasked Queries by Subramanian Swamy
• Conspiracy to Kill Rajiv Gandhi – from CBI Files by the Central Bureau of Investigation officer and chief investigating officer of the assassination case.{{cite news |author=Manoj Mitta |agency=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rajiv-Gandhi-assassination-video-suppressed-claims-book/articleshow/17012933.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221073219/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-30/india/34816759_1_video-tape-m-k-narayanan-assassination |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-02-21 |title=Rajiv Gandhi assassination video suppressed, claims book |date=2012-10-30 |work=The Times of India |access-date=2013-09-04}}
• Beyond the Tigers: Tracking Rajiv Gandhi's Assassination by Rajeev Sharma.{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/lttes-messages-show-why-rajiv-gandhis-murder-should-be-re-probed-part-1-1398773.html |title=LTTE's messages show why Gandhi's murder should be re-probed (Part-1) |date=20 February 2014 |publisher=Firstpost |access-date=2014-08-03 |archive-date=8 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008125925/http://www.firstpost.com/india/lttes-messages-show-why-rajiv-gandhis-murder-should-be-re-probed-part-1-1398773.html |url-status=live }}
• Bypass: Flaws in the Forensic Investigation of Rajiv Gandhi Murder, the first open-source feature film from India.{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xHyrBpaG_G8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/xHyrBpaG_G8 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live |title=Bypass Film |date=30 May 2016 |publisher=Bypass Team}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0scdVuuWBp4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/0scdVuuWBp4 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live |title=Bypass Film |date=29 May 2016 |publisher=Bypass Team}}{{cbignore}}

• Kuttrapathirikai
• Mission 90 Days
• The Terrorist
• Cyanide
• Madras Cafe

• List of things named after Rajiv Gandhi
• Sri Lankan Civil War
• Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War
• Assassination of Indira Gandhi, the otherwise unrelated killing of Rajiv's mother and predecessor as Prime Minister
• Assassination of Ranasinghe Premadasa, another LTTE suicide bombing which killed Sri Lankan President Ranasinghe Premadasa

{{reflist}}

• [https://indiankanoon.org/doc/194120/ State of Tamil Nadu through Superintendent of police, CBI/SIT v/s Nalini and 25 others.]
• Blakeslee, David S. "Politics and public goods in developing countries: Evidence from the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi." Journal of Public Economics 163 (2018): 1–19 [https://web.archive.org/web/20200212142208/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/50b3/f0470adcdf84a8643adcd50307dbd2a13b0b.pdf online].
• Gopal, Neena. The Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi (Penguin Random House India, 2017).
• Harish M, The Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi & Involvement of Sikh Extremists (2020) [https://www.amazon.com/Assassination-Rajiv-Gandhi-Involvement-Extremists/dp/B08GVD79H2/ excerpt]
• Kaarthikenyan, D. R., and Radhavinod Raju. Rajiv Gandhi Assassination (Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, 2008). [https://www.amazon.com/Rajiv-Gandhi-Assassination-Investigation/dp/8120790332/ online]
• Roberts, Michael. "Killing Rajiv Gandhi: Dhanu's sacrificial metamorphosis in death." South Asian History and Culture 1.1 (2009): 25–41 [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/19472490903387191 online].
• Rudolph, Lloyd I. "Why Rajiv Gandhi's Death Saved the Congress: How an Event Affected the Outcome of the 1991 Election in India." in India Votes (Routledge, 2019) pp. 436–454.

• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7DTKpBiThq0 Harithra Murugan, daughter of Nalini Sriharan and Murugan interview]

{{Sri_Lankan_Civil_War}}

{{Sri Lankan Civil War graphical timeline}}

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