avunculate

The avunculate, sometimes called avunculism or avuncularism, is any social institution where a special relationship exists between an uncle and his sisters' children.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0aOAgAAQBAJ&q=Avunculate&pg=PT232|title=The Routledge Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology|last1=Barnard|first1=Alan|last2=Spencer|first2=Jonathan|date=2009-12-04|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135236403|language=en}} This relationship can be formal or informal, depending on the society. Early anthropological research focused on the association between the avunculate and matrilineal descent, while later research has expanded to consider the avunculate in general society.

Definition

The term avunculate comes from the Latin avunculus, the maternal uncle.

The 1989 Oxford English Dictionary defines "avunculate" as follows:

:"Avunculate. The special relationship existing in some societies between a maternal uncle and his sister's son; maternal uncles regarded as a collective body.

::1920 R. H. LOWIE Prim. Soc. v. 81 Ethnologists describe under the heading of avunculate the customs regulating in an altogether special way the relations of a nephew to his maternal uncle. Ibid. vii. 171 The Omaha are patrilineal now, but their having the avunculate proves that they once traced descent through the mother, for on no other hypothesis can such a usage be explained. ... "Oxford English Dictionary. Second Edition 1989. On-line version.

Avunculocal societies

An avunculocal society is one in which a married couple traditionally lives with the man's mother's eldest brother, which most often occurs in matrilineal societies. The anthropological term "avunculocal residence" refers to this convention, which has been identified in about 4% of the world's societies.Rosman, Abraham and Rubel, Paula G. The Tapestry of Culture: An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology. Mcgraw-Hill College, 1995. ({{ISBN|0-07-053955-3}})

This pattern generally occurs when a man obtains his status, his job role, or his privileges from their nearest elder matrilineal male relative. When a woman's son lives near her brother, he is able to more easily learn how he needs to behave in the matrilineal role he has inherited.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}}

= Cultures with a formal avunculate =

According to the Kazakh common law, the avunculate nephews could take anything from the relatives of the mother up to three times. In the Kyrgyz past a nephew, at a feast at his maternal uncle or grandfather, could take any horse from their herd or any delicacy.Yu.Zuev, "Early Türks: Sketches of history and ideology", Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002, p. 30, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|9985-4-4152-9}}

In the Southwest United States, the Apache tribe practices a form of this, where the uncle is responsible for teaching the children social values and proper behavior while inheritance and ancestry is reckoned through the mother's family alone. Modern day influences have somewhat but not completely erased this tradition.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}}

The Chamorros of the Mariana IslandsCunningham, Lawarence J. Ancient Chamorro Society. Bess Press, 1992. ({{ISBN|1-880188-05-8}}) and the Taíno of Turks and Caicos IslandsKeegan, William F. [http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/caribarch/middle1999.htm Before Columbus: Caonabo’s Homeland], Middle Caicos Earthwatch Report, 1999. are examples of societies that have practiced avunculocal residence.

Anthropology research

Research on the avunculate in the early 20th century focused on the association between the avunculate and patrilineal/matrilineal societies. Franz Boas categorized various avunculate arrangements based on the location of residence in 1922.{{Cite journal|last=Boas|first=Franz|date=1922-01-01|title=The Avunculate among the Vandau|jstor=660075|journal=American Anthropologist|volume=24|issue=1|pages=95–97|doi=10.1525/aa.1922.24.1.02a00150|doi-access=free}} Henri Alexandre Juno made the claim that the avunculate in the Tsonga indicated that society had previously been matrilineal.{{Cite journal|last1=Ryder|first1=J. W.|last2=Blackman|first2=M. B.|date=2016-09-14|title=The Avunculate: A Cross-Cultural Critique of Claude Levi-Strauss|journal=Cross-Cultural Research|language=en|volume=5|issue=2|pages=97–115|doi=10.1177/106939717000500202|s2cid=144308623}} Alfred Radcliffe-Brown identified the Tsonga (BaThonga) of Mozambique, the Tongans of the Pacific, and the Nama of Namibia as avunculate societies as early as 1924. He also expanded the concept to incorporate other family relationships.{{Cite book|url=http://radicalanthropologygroup.org/sites/default/files/pdf/class_text_055.pdf|title=Structure and Function in Primitive Society|last=Radcliffe-Brown|first=Alfred|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul|year=1952|location=London|pages=15–31|access-date=2017-01-28|archive-date=2022-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426215400/http://radicalanthropologygroup.org/sites/default/files/pdf/class_text_055.pdf|url-status=dead}}

Later research moved beyond the issue of matrilinealism. Claude Lévi-Strauss incorporating the avunculate into his "atom of kinship".{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_DnQ82WpaoC&q=levi-strauss+avunculate&pg=PA140|title=Teaching Lévi-Strauss|last=Penner|first=Hans H.|date=1998-01-01|publisher=Scholars Press|isbn=9780788504907|language=en}} Jan N. Bremmer argued based on a survey of the Indo-European peoples that the avunculate is explained by the principle of education outside the (extended) family, and does not indicate matrilinealism.{{Cite journal|last=Bremmer|first=Jan|date=1976-01-01|title=Avunculate and Fosterage|journal=Journal of Indo-European Studies|volume=5|issue=1|pages=65–78|url=http://www.rug.nl/research/portal/publications/avunculate-and-fosterage(062fe6fa-623a-4676-b367-0575eba0ad5b).html|language=en}}

Avunculate marriage

In historical (not anthropological) terminology, an avunculate marriage is the marriage of a man with the daughter of his sister (not explicitly forbidden by the listings in Leviticus 18). In most cultures with avunculate customs in the sense used by anthropologists, such a marriage would violate incest taboos governing relations between members of the same matrilineal lineage.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Notes

References

{{Cite journal |last=Kosven |first=M. O. |title=Avunkulat [The Avunculate] |journal=Sovietskaya Etnografiya |volume=1 |year=1948 |pages=3–46 }}
{{Cite book |author=Zuev, Yury |author-link=Yury Zuev |title= Rannie tjurki: očerki istorii i ideologii [Early Türks: Sketches of History and Ideology] |location=Almaty |publisher=Daik-Press |year=2002 |page=210 |id= {{Listed Invalid ISBN|9985-4-4152-9}} }}