backward disadvantage

{{Infobox

| title = Backward disadvantage

| label1 = Initiator|data1=Yang Xiaokai

| label2 = Introduced|data2=2002

}}

{{Infobox Chinese

| title = Backward disadvantage

| float =

| collapse =

| t = 後發劣勢

| s = 后发劣势

| order = st

| p = Hòufā lièshì

}}

The backward disadvantage{{cite book|author=Fang Cai|title=The China Population and Labor Yearbook, Volume 2: The Sustainability of Economic Growth from the Perspective of Human Resources|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fc-wCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA151|date=25 February 2010|publisher=Brill Publishers|isbn=978-90-474-2699-8|pages=151–}} ({{zh|s=后发劣势|t=後發劣勢}}), or the disadvantage of backwardness,{{cite web |url=https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/longmen/2013/10/15/61255|title=Growth Without Development|author=|date=15 Oct 2013|accessdate=|work=Oriental Daily}} also known as latecomer's disadvantage,{{cite book|author1=Tan Yigitcanlar|author2=Hoon Han|author3=Md. (Liton) Kamruzzaman|title=Approaches, Advances and Applications in Sustainable Development of Smart Cities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2sraDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA279|date=3 April 2020|publisher=Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute|isbn=978-3-03928-012-4|pages=279–}} is a viewpoint put forward by Chinese-Australian economist Yang Xiaokai.{{cite book|title=China Statistics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKhHAAAAYAAJ|year=2005|publisher=China Statistics Press}} It is borrowed from the American economist Watson's concept of "curse to the late comer".{{cite book|author=William Luo|title=On Semi-Capital: Semi-Capitalism in China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ooIIDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA616|date=30 March 2018|publisher=World Chinese Language Press|isbn=978-1-940266-12-1|pages=616–}}

Yang pointed out that the "backward disadvantage" refers to the fact that it is easier for late-development countries to imitate technologies, but more difficult to imitate the system, because the reform will offend vested interests, although late developing countries can achieve rapid developments in the short term, but will leave hidden problems for long-term development.{{cite web |url=https://duoweicn.dwnews.com/zh/CN-2018%E5%B9%B4040%E6%9C%9F/10007285.html|title=The "Period of Contradictions" Has Arrived, What's the next step? |author=|date=29 Nov 2018|accessdate=|work=Duowei News}}

In 2002, in a lecture at the Tianze Economic Research Institute in Beijing,{{cite web |url=http://www.chinanews.com/cj/cfgs/news/2007/10-30/1063005.shtml|title=Justin Yifu Lin: An academic's path to politics|author=Deng Yuwen|date=2007-10-30|accessdate=|work=China News Service}} Yang cited Watson's "curse of the late comer" to draw public attention to "backward disadvantages" in China's future social and economic development, which aroused strong reactions in Chinese and foreign academic circles.{{cite book|author=Jiefu Zhang|title=Full-time distance learning research: an innovative model for education in remote, ethnic areas of China in the era of "Internet+"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UtnzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74|date=1 October 2018|publisher=Beijing Normal University Press|isbn=978-7-303-24234-4|pages=74–}}