bariolage

{{Short description|Musical technique for bowed string instruments}}

Bariolage is a musical technique used with bowed string instruments that involves rapidly playing alternated notes on adjacent strings, one of which is generally left open,Stowell, Robin (1990). Violin Technique and Performance Practice in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries, p.172. Cambridge. {{ISBN|9780521397445}}. thereby exploiting the different timbres of each string.Patricia, Strange and Strange, Allen (2003). The Contemporary Violin: Extended Performance Techniques, p.32. Scarecrow. {{ISBN|9781461664109}}.Winold, Allen (2007). Bach's Cello Suites, Volumes 1 and 2: Analyses and Explorations, p.19. Indiana University. {{ISBN|9780253013477}}. "Involves rapid alternation between two adjacent strings, usually with an open string note on one string and fingered notes on the other string," the difference producing an "interesting timbre." Bariolage may involve quick alternation between a static note and changing notes that form a melody either above or below the static note.Nardolillo, Jo (2014). All Things Strings, p.9. Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN|9780810884441}}. "A technique of rapid alternation between a moving line and a static note, often an open string, creating a dazzling virtuosic effect...particularly popular in the Baroque era." The static note is usually an open string note, which creates a highly resonant sound. In bluegrass fiddling the technique is known as "cross-fingering".

File:Bariolage L'abbe le Fils.pngStowell, Robin (2001). The Early Violin and Viola: A Practical Guide, p.79. Cambridge. {{ISBN|9780521625555}}. {{audio|Bariolage L'abbe le Fils timbre.mid|Play}}]]

The term bariolage appears to have been coined in the nineteenth century to denote an eighteenth-century violin technique requiring flexibility in the wrist and forearm, the mechanics of which are not discussed by nineteenth-century writers. Etymologically, in French, the term was taken from the noun bariolage meaning a 'disorderly mix of bright colors',David C Boyden and Peter Walls, "Bariolage", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publisher, 2001). which in turn derives from the verb {{lang|fr|barioler}} meaning 'to cover with a mix of bright colors'.David Dalton, Playing the Viola: Conversations with William Promrose, with a foreword by Janos Starker (Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 114. {{ISBN|978-0-19-103921-8}}. The bowing technique most often used for bariolage is called ondulé in French or ondeggiando In Italian.Don Michael Randel, "Bariolage", Harvard Dictionary of Music, fourth edition, Harvard University Press Reference Library 16 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003). {{ISBN|0-674-01163-5}}. Bariolage may also be executed with separate bow strokes.David C. Boyden and Peter Walls, "Bariolage", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publisher, 2001).

The French violinist-composer Pierre Baillot writes in his pedagogical treatise of 1834, L'Art du violon (perhaps looking back on what he considered an earlier, less advanced era),

{{Quote

|The name bariolage is given to the kind of passage which presents the appearance of disorder and oddness, in that the notes are not played in succession on the same string where one would expect this or when the notes e{{sup|2}}, a{{sup|1}}, d{{sup|1}}, are played not on the same string but alternately with one stopped finger and the open string, or else finally when the open string is played in a position where a stopped note would normally be required.Pierre Baillot (1834), L'art du violon. Quoted in Stowell (1990), p. 198.

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Joseph Haydn used this effect in the minuet of his Symphony No. 28, in the finale of the "Farewell" Symphony, No. 45, and throughout the finale of his String Quartet Op. 50, No. 6. The "croaking"{{cite book|last1=Wigmore|first1=Richard|title=The Faber Pocket Guide to Haydn|date=2011|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=978-0571268733|page=197|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DG30af_PDPYC&pg=PA197}} "A quavering effect created by a quickfire repetition of the same note on open and fingered strings." or "gurgling"Hunter, Mary and Will, Richard (2012). Engaging Haydn: Culture, Context, and Criticism, p.283. Cambridge. {{ISBN|9781107015142}}. unison bariolage passages on D and A gives this quartet its nickname of The Frog.

In the following example, from a violin sonata by Handel,{{efn|The Schirmer edition identifies the sonata, in F major, as "12th of the 15 Sonate ad Camera". The quotation comes from the second movement.}} the second measure is to be played with bariolage:

File:Bariolage Handel.jpg

In this passage, the repeated A is played on the open A string, alternating with Fs and Es fingered on the adjacent D string. The notes on the D string (E and F natural) would be fingered as normal (first finger and low second), but the fingerings given above the second measure would be [2040 1040 2040 1040], indicating the switch (bariolage) from open A string to the stopped fourth finger on the D string, also playing the note A.

Another well-known example of bariolage is in Bach's Preludio to the E major Partita No. 3 for solo violin, where three strings are involved in the maneuver (one open string and two fingered notes).

Bariolage is much more rarely employed during the Romantic period in the nineteenth century, but some notable examples of its use are found in Brahms's works. Brahms used this device in the String Sextet in G Major (where it occurs at the very beginning in the viola) and in the Third Violin Sonata, Op. 108.David Milsom, Theory and Practice in Late Nineteenth-Century Violin Performance, 1850–1900 (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Limited; Burlington, VT: Aldershot Publishing Company, 2003), p. 93. {{ISBN|9780754607564}}.