bass guitar

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{{Infobox instrument

| name = Bass guitar

| names = Electric bass, bass

| image = 70's Fender Jazz Bass.png

| image_capt = Fender Jazz Bass

| background = string

| classification = String instrument

| hornbostel_sachs = 321.322

| hornbostel_sachs_desc = Composite chordophone

| inventors = Paul Tutmarc,

| developed = 1930s

| range = File:Range bass guitar.png

Range of a standard tuned 4-string bass guitar (brackets: 5-string)

| related = * Electric guitar

}}

The bass guitar, electric bass ({{IPAc-en|b|eɪ|s}}) is the lowest-pitched member of the guitar family. It is similar in appearance and construction to an electric but with a longer neck and scale length. The electric bass guitar most commonly has four strings, though five- and six-stringed models are also built. Since the mid-1950s, the bass guitar has replaced the double bass in popular music due to its lighter weight, smaller size, most models' inclusion of frets for easier intonation, and electromagnetic pickups for amplification.

The bass guitar is usually tuned the same as the double bass, corresponding to pitches one octave lower than the four lowest-pitched strings of a guitar (typically E, A, D, and G). It is played with the fingers and thumb or with a pick.

Because the electric bass guitar is acoustically a quiet instrument, it requires external amplification, generally via electromagnetic or piezo-electric pickups. It can also be used with direct input boxes, audio interfaces, mixing consoles, computers, or bass-effects processors which offer headphone jacks.

Terminology

The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians refers to this instrument as an "Electric bass guitar, usually with four heavy strings tuned E₁'–A₁'–D₂–G₂."{{sfn|Sadie|Tyrrell|2001|p=}} It also defines bass as "Bass (iv). A contraction of Double bass or Electric bass guitar." Mottola's Cyclopedic Dictionary of Lutherie Terms begins its definition of the instrument as "A bass guitar that produces sound primarily with the aid of electronic devices."{{cite book |last1=Mottola |first1=RM |title=Mottola's Cyclopedic Dictionary of Lutherie Terms |date=2020 |publisher=LiutaioMottola.com |isbn=978-1-7341256-0-3 |pages=52}} According to some authors the proper term is "electric bass".{{sfn|Wheeler|1978|pp=101–102}}{{sfn|Evans|Evans|1977|p=342}} Common names for the instrument are "bass guitar", "electric bass guitar","electric bass", and simply "bass".{{sfn|Bacon|Moorhouse|2016|p=}}{{page needed|date=August 2022}} and some authors claim that they are historically accurate.{{sfn|Roberts|2001|loc=References Appendix}} A bass guitar whose neck lacks frets is termed a fretless bass.

= Scale =

The scale of a bass is defined as the length of the vibrating strings between the nut and the bridge saddles. On a modern 4-string bass guitar, 30" (76 cm) or less is considered short scale, 32" (81 cm) medium scale, 34" (86 cm) standard scale and 35" (89 cm) long scale.{{Cite web |title=Myths and Rumors on Scale Length - Premier Guitar |url=https://www.premierguitar.com/pro-advice/bass-bench/bass-scale-length |access-date=September 17, 2023 |website=www.premierguitar.com |language=en}}

= Pickup =

Bass pickups are attached to the body of the guitar and located beneath the strings. They are responsible for converting the vibrations of the strings into analogous electrical voltage sent as input to an instrument amplifier.{{Cite web |last=Veall |first=Dan |date=December 21, 2020 |title=Bass guitar pickups explained |url=https://www.guitarworld.com/features/bass-guitar-pickups-explained |access-date=March 1, 2022 |website=Bass Player}}

= Strings =

Bass guitar strings are composed of a core and winding. The core is a wire which runs through the center of the string and is made of steel, nickel, or an alloy.{{Cite web |last=Koester |first=Thom |date=August 24, 2020 |title=What Are Guitar Strings Made Of? |url=https://www.sweetwater.com/insync/what-are-guitar-strings-made-of/ |access-date=February 17, 2022 |website=Sweetwater Sound}} The winding is a smaller gauge wire wrapped around the core. Bass guitar strings vary by the material and cross-sectional shape of the winding.

Common string variants include roundwound, flatwound, halfwound (groundwound), coated, tapewound and taperwound strings. Roundwound and flatwound strings feature windings with circular and rounded-square cross-sections, respectively, with half-round strings being a hybrid between the two. Coated strings have their surface coated with a synthetic layer while tapewound strings feature a metal core with a plastic winding.{{Cite web |last=Owens |first=Jeff |title=Bass Strings 101 |url=https://www.fender.com/articles/tech-talk/bass-strings-101 |access-date=February 17, 2022 |website=Fender}}{{Cite web |last=Erskine |first=Damian |date=September 4, 2013 |title=Fretless Bass: A Guide for Choosing the Best Strings |url=https://www.notreble.com/buzz/2013/09/04/fretless-bass-a-guide-for-choosing-the-best-strings/ |access-date=September 17, 2023 |website=No Treble |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |title=The Anatomy of a Bass String - Premier Guitar |url=https://www.premierguitar.com/pro-advice/bass-bench/bass-strings |access-date=September 17, 2023 |website=www.premierguitar.com |language=en}} Taperwound strings have a tapered end where the exposed core sits on the bridge saddle without windings.{{Cite web |last=Colin |date=November 8, 2022 |title=Bass Strings 101: The Ultimate Buyer's Guide |url=https://ehomerecordingstudio.com/best-bass-strings/ |access-date=September 17, 2023 |website=E-Home Recording Studio |language=en-US}} The choice of winding has considerable impact on the sound of the instrument, with certain winding styles often being preferred for certain musical genres.{{Cite web |last=Brody |first=Mark |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Flatwound vs. Roundwound Bass Strings |url=https://www.sweetwater.com/insync/flatwound-vs-roundwound-bass-strings/ |access-date=March 1, 2022 |website=Sweetwater Sound}}

History

= 1930s =

File:Paul tutmarc.jpg, inventor of the modern bass guitar, outside his music store in Seattle, Washington]]

In the 1930s, musician and inventor Paul Tutmarc of Seattle, Washington, developed the first electric bass guitar in its modern form, a fretted instrument designed to be played horizontally. The 1935 sales catalog for Tutmarc's company Audiovox featured the "Model 736 Bass Fiddle", a solid body electric bass guitar with four strings, a {{convert|30+1/2|in|mm|0|adj=on|abbr=off}} scale length, and a single pickup.{{cite web |url = http://www.vintageguitar.com/1782/audiovox-736/ |title=Audiovox #736: The World's First Electric Bass Guitar! |last=Blecha |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Blecha|website = Vintage Guitar |access-date=February 17, 2019|date=December 11, 2001 }} Around 100 were made during this period.{{sfn|Roberts|2001|pp=28–29}}

Audiovox also sold their "Model 236" bass amplifier.{{cite web|url=https://www.vintageguitar.com/1869/audiovox-and-serenader-amps/ |title=Audiovox and Serenader Amps – An Interview with Bud Tutmarc |website=Vintage Guitar |access-date=February 17, 2019|date=February 19, 2002 }}

= 1950s =

File:Fender '51 Precision Bass, FGF museum.jpg]]

In the 1950s, Leo Fender and George Fullerton developed the first mass-produced electric bass guitar.{{sfn|Slog|Coryat|1999|p=154}} The Fender Electric Instrument Manufacturing Company began producing the Precision Bass, or P-Bass, in October 1951. The design featured a simple uncontoured "slab" body design (with no edge contours) and a single coil pickup, both features similar to a Telecaster. By 1957, the Precision Bass began to resemble the Fender Stratocaster with the body edges beveled for comfort and the pickup changed to a separate halves split coil design.{{cite web |last1=Owens |first1=Jeff |title=Legendary Lows: The Precision Bass Story |url=https://www.fender.com/articles/gear/legendary-lows-the-precision-bass-story |website=Fender |access-date=January 7, 2020 |date=March 13, 2019}}

File:Fender Bass Guitar Patent.jpg

The Fender Bass was a revolutionary instrument for working musicians. In comparison to the upright bass, the bass guitar could be easily transported. When amplified, the bass guitar was also much less prone than acoustic basses to audio feedback.{{sfn|Roberts|2001|p=}} The addition of frets enabled bassists to play in tune more easily than on upright basses, and allowed guitarists to more easily play the instrument.{{cite web |last1=Rogers |first1=Dave |last2=Braithwaite |first2=Laun |first3=Tim |last3=Mullally |date=May 13, 2013|title=1952 Fender Precision Bass |url=https://www.premierguitar.com/articles/1952_Fender_Precision_Bass |website=Premier Guitar |access-date=January 7, 2020}}

In 1953, Monk Montgomery became the first bassist to tour with the Fender bass, in Lionel Hampton's postwar big band.{{sfn|George|1998|p=91}}{{Cite web |last=Tamarkin |first=Jeff |title=Chops: Take Your Pick |url=https://jazztimes.com/features/columns/chops-take-your-pick/ |access-date=April 11, 2023 |website=JazzTimes |date=April 25, 2019 |language=en-US}} Montgomery was also possibly the first to record with the electric bass, on July 2, 1953, with the Art Farmer Septet.{{Cite book|title=Bass heroes: styles, stories & secrets of 30 great bass players: from the pages of Guitar player magazine|last=Mulhern|first=Tom|date=1993|publisher=GPI Books|isbn=0-585-34936-3|location=San Francisco|pages=165|oclc=47008985}} Roy Johnson (with Lionel Hampton), and Shifty Henry (with Louis Jordan and His Tympany Five), were other early Fender bass pioneers.{{sfn|Slog|Coryat|1999|p=154}} Bill Black, who played with Elvis Presley and James Jamerson switched from upright bass to the Fender Precision Bass around 1957.{{sfn|Bacon|2010|p=}} The bass guitar was intended to appeal to guitarists as well as upright bass players, and many early pioneers of the instrument, such as Joe Osborn, and Paul McCartney were originally guitarists.{{sfn|Roberts|2001|p=}}

Also in 1953, Gibson released the first short-scale violin-shaped electric bass, the EB-1, with an extendable end pin so a bassist could play it upright or horizontally. In 1958, Gibson released the maple arched-top EB-2 described in the Gibson catalog as a "hollow-body electric bass that features a Bass/Baritone pushbutton for two different tonal characteristics". In 1959, these were followed by the more conventional-looking EB-0 Bass. The EB-0 was very similar to a Gibson SG in appearance (although the earliest examples have a slab-sided body shape closer to that of the double-cutaway Les Paul Special). The Fender and Gibson versions used bolt-on and set necks.

Several other companies also began manufacturing bass guitars during the 1950s. Kay Musical Instrument Company began production of the K162 in 1952. Also in 1956, at the German trade fair "Musikmesse Frankfurt", the distinctive Höfner 500/1 viola-shaped bass first appeared, constructed using violin techniques by Walter Höfner, a second-generation violin luthier.{{Cite web|title=A Short History of Höfner |website=Höfner |url=https://www.hofner.com/info/about-hofner/hofner-history.html?___store=h00_en&___from_store=h00_de|access-date=January 1, 2021|archive-date=January 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118190729/https://www.hofner.com/info/about-hofner/hofner-history.html?___store=h00_en&___from_store=h00_de|url-status=dead}} Due to its use by Paul McCartney, it became known as the "Beatle bass".{{sfn|Bacon|Moorhouse|2016|loc=eBook}} In 1957, Rickenbacker introduced the model 4000, the first bass to feature a neck-through-body design in which the neck is part of the body wood.{{Cite web|title=The Modern Era of the electric Guitar|url=http://www.rickenbacker.com/history_modern.asp|access-date=January 1, 2021|website=Rickenbacker |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210120025437/http://www.rickenbacker.com/history_modern.asp |archive-date= Jan 20, 2021 }} The Burns London Supersound was introduced in 1958.{{sfn|Bacon|2010|p=}}

= 1960s =

File:Gibson eb3 67.jpg]]

With the explosion in popularity of rock music in the 1960s, many more manufacturers began making electric basses, including Yamaha, Teisco and Guyatone. Introduced in 1960, the Fender Jazz Bass, initially known as the "Deluxe Bass", used a body design known as an offset waist which was first seen on the Jazzmaster guitar in an effort to improve comfort while playing seated.{{cite web |last1=Owens |first1=Jeff |title=Jaco, Geddy and Flea Can't Be Wrong: The Story of the Jazz Bass |url=https://www.fender.com/articles/gear/jaco-geddy-and-flea-cant-be-wrong-the-story-of-the-jazz-bass |website=Fender|date=June 12, 2019|quote=Most apparent was a feature borrowed from the Jazzmaster—an offset waist—that conveyed a sleeker and more curvaceous look to the Jazz Bass. In true Fender fashion, however, this was an innovation rooted not in form but in function—the sexier look was a by-product of the more practical consideration that the offset waist made the instrument more comfortable to play when seated |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202083709/https://www.fender.com/articles/gear/jaco-geddy-and-flea-cant-be-wrong-the-story-of-the-jazz-bass |archive-date= Dec 2, 2022 }} The Jazz bass, or J-Bass, features two single-coil pickups.

Providing a more "Gibson-scale" instrument, rather than the {{convert|34|in|mm|0|adj=on}} Jazz and Precision, Fender produced the Mustang Bass, a {{convert|30|in|mm|0|adj=on}} scale-length instrument.{{Cite web|title=Mustang Bass|url=https://shop.fender.com/en-US/electric-basses/mustang-bass/?rl=en_US&rl=en_GB|access-date=January 1, 2021|website=sFender}} The Fender VI, a 6-string bass, was tuned one octave lower than standard guitar tuning. It was released in 1961, and was briefly favored by Jack Bruce of Cream.{{Cite web|title=Jack Bruce - Equipment|url=http://www.jackbruce.com/2008/Gear/gear.htm|access-date=January 1, 2021|website=Jackbruce.com}}

Gibson introduced its short-scale {{convert|30.5|in|mm|0|adj=on}} EB-3 in 1961, also used by Bruce.{{cite web |url=http://www.vintageguitar.com/3568/the-gibson-eb-3/ |title=The Gibson EB-3 |last=Moseley |first=Willie G. |website=Vintage Guitar |access-date= September 5, 2017|date=March 10, 2010 }} The EB-3 had a "mini-humbucker" at the bridge position. Gibson basses tended to be instruments with a shorter 30.5" scale length than the Precision. Gibson did not produce a {{convert|34|in|mm|0|adj=on}}-scale bass until 1963 with the release of the Thunderbird.{{Cite web|last1=Mullally|first1=Tim|last2=Braithwaite|first2=Laun|first3=Dave|last3=Rogers|date=March 5, 2017|title=Vintage Vault: 1964 Gibson Thunderbird Bass|url=https://www.premierguitar.com/articles/25335-vintage-vault-1964-gibson-thunderbird-bass|access-date=January 1, 2021|website=Premier Guitar}}

The first commercial fretless bass guitar was the Ampeg AUB-1, introduced in 1966.{{sfn|Roberts|2001|p=125–126}} In the late 1960s, eight-string basses, with four octave paired courses (similar to a 12 string guitar), were introduced, such as the Hagström H8.{{Cite web |url=https://www.hagstromguitars.com/basses/retroscape/h8-ii-bass.html |title=Hagstrom H8-II Bass |website=Hagström|access-date=September 29, 2017}}

= 1970s =

In 1972, Alembic established what became known as "boutique" or "high-end" electric bass guitars.{{Cite web|title=Alembic - History, Short Version|url=http://www.alembic.com/family/historys.html|access-date=February 4, 2021|website=Alembic}} These expensive, custom-tailored instruments, as used by Phil Lesh, Jack Casady, and Stanley Clarke, featured unique designs, premium hand-finished wood bodies, and innovative construction techniques such as multi-laminate neck-through-body construction and graphite necks. Alembic also pioneered the use of onboard electronics for pre-amplification and equalization.{{Cite web|title=Alembic Activators|url=http://www.alembic.com/prod/pickups.html|access-date=February 4, 2021|website=Alembic}}{{Cite web|last=Fletcher|first=Tim|date=March 16, 2020|title=The History of Active Electronics|url=https://bassmusicianmagazine.com/2020/03/the-history-of-active-electronics/|access-date=February 4, 2021|website=Bass Musician}}

Active electronics increase the output of the instrument, and allow more options for controlling tonal flexibility, giving the player the ability to amplify as well as to attenuate certain frequency ranges while improving the overall frequency response (including more low-register and high-register sounds). 1976 saw the UK company Wal begin production of their own range of active basses.{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=https://walbasses.co.uk/about-us/|access-date=December 31, 2020|website=Walbasses}} In 1974 Music Man Instruments, founded by Tom Walker, Forrest White and Leo Fender, introduced the StingRay, the first widely produced bass with active (powered) electronics built into the instrument.{{Cite web|title=StingRay|url=https://www.music-man.com/instruments/basses/stingray|access-date=February 4, 2021|website=Music Man}} Basses with active electronics can include a preamplifier and knobs for boosting and cutting the low and high frequencies.

In the mid-1970s, five-string basses, with a very low "B" string, were introduced. In 1975, bassist Anthony Jackson commissioned luthier Carl Thompson to build a six-string bass tuned (low to high) B0, E1, A1, D2, G2, C3, adding a low B string and a high C string.{{Cite news|url=https://bassmagazine.com/artists/partners-anthony-jackson-fodera-guitars|title=Partners: Anthony Jackson & Fodera Guitars|last=Roberts|first=Jim|date=July 23, 2019|newspaper=Bass Magazine - the Future of Bass|access-date=January 1, 2022}}

References

Bibliography

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{{cite book |last1=Bacon |first1=Tony |last2=Moorhouse |first2=Barry |year=2016 |title=The Bass Book: A Complete Illustrated History of Bass Guitars |publisher=Backbeat Books |isbn=978-1-4950-0150-5 }}
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