battle of Mainz
{{Short description|1795 battle of the French Revolutionary War}}
{{more footnotes|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Battle of Mainz
|partof=the War of the First Coalition
|campaign=
|image=Early flight 02561u (1).jpg
|image_size=300px
|caption= Reconnaissance during the French siege of Mainz, 1795
|date=29 October 1795
|place=Mainz, present-day Germany
|result=Austrian victory
|combatant2={{flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy}} Habsburg monarchy
|combatant1={{flagicon|France}} First French Republic
|commander2={{flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy}} Count of Clerfayt
|commander1={{flagicon|France}} François Schaal
|strength2=27,000
|strength1=33,000
|casualties2=1,400 killed or wounded
200 captured
|casualties1=3,000 killed or wounded
1,800 captured
138 cannons lost
}}
{{Campaignbox First Coalition 1795}}
{{Campaignbox First Coalition}}
The Battle of Mainz (29 October 1795) saw a Habsburg Austrian army led by Field Marshall François Sebastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt launch a surprise assault against four divisions belonging to the French Army of Rhin-et-Moselle directed by General of Division François Ignace Schaal. The right-most French division was completely routed and all the French troops were compelled to retreat with the loss of their siege artillery and many casualties. Clerfayt followed up his Rhine campaign of 1795 victory by driving most of General of Division Jean-Charles Pichegru's Army of Rhin-et-Moselle south. The War of the First Coalition action was fought near the city of Mainz in the modern-day state of Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany.
French troops had ineffectively besieged the western side of Mainz Fortress since December 1794. However, in early September 1795 the General of Division Jean-Baptiste Jourdan's Army of Sambre-et-Meuse crossed the lower Rhine River and advanced south to the Main River. For the first time Mainz was besieged on the east side of the river, but this state of affairs did not last long. After the Battle of Höchst, Clerfayt forced Jourdan's army to retire to the west bank of the Rhine. With Jourdan temporarily out of the picture, Clerfayt fell on Schaal's somewhat isolated corps and drove it away to the south. During this time the commander of the Army of Rhin-et-Moselle, Pichegru was in treasonous contact with France's enemies, perhaps accounting for Austria's success. The next clash was the Battle of Pfeddersheim on 10 November.
The siege was the second time balloon reconnaissance had been used, after the Battle of Fleurus (1794).
People involved
- François Sebastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt
- Jean Baptiste Kléber
- Laurent de Gouvion-Saint-Cyr
- Gabriel Jean Joseph Molitor
- Adam Albert von Neipperg
- Antoine Christophe Merlin
- Auguste de Marmont
- Jean Bernadotte
- Franz von Weyrother
- Franz Joseph, Marquis de Lusignan
- François, marquis de Chasseloup-Laubat
- François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers
- Jean-Marie-Joseph Coutelle
- Joseph Marie, Count Dessaix
- Nicolas-Jacques Conté
- Paul Louis Courier
- Armée de Mayence
- Serbian mercenaries (see: Kočina Krajina Serb rebellion in 1791) under General Major Stephan Bernhard Keglevich did not take part, but were involved as neutral observers (see map below).{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}
- Frédéric-César de La Harpe did not take part, but was involved, had a leading role in the creation of the Helvetic Republic.
Military units
- 54th Infantry Regiment (France) under Colonel Sauvat(?)
- Hessian (soldiers) under Colonel Johann Keglevich.Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich: Enthaltend die Lebensskizzen der denkwürdigen Personen, welche seit 1750 in den österreichischen Kronländern geboren wurden oder darin gelebt und gewirkt haben, Band 11, Constant von Wurzbach, K. K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Wien 1864.Geschichte des 1. Grossherzoglich hessischen Infanterie- (Leibgarde-) Regiments, Ausgabe 115 der Ausgaben 1621–1899, Carl Christian Röder von Diersburg (Freiherr.), E. S. Mittler 1899. He was awarded the Military Order of Maria Theresa in 1798 "for by his own initiative undertaken and successfully a campaign significantly affecting feats of arms, which an officer of honor would may have omitted without blame".Die reiter-regimenter der k.k.österreichischen armee, Andreas Thürheim (Graf.), F.B. Geitler, 1862.
Notes
{{reflist|30em}}
References
- {{cite book|last=Dodge |first=Theodore Ayrault |authorlink=Theodore Ayrault Dodge |title=Warfare in the Age of Napoleon: The Revolutionary Wars Against the First Coalition in Northern Europe and the Italian Campaign, 1789-1797 |volume=1 |year=2011 |publisher=Leonaur Ltd. |isbn=978-0-85706-598-8 }}
- {{cite book|last=Jaques |first=Tony |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O |volume=2 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-31333-538-9 |page=618 }}
- {{cite book|last=Phipps |first=Ramsay Weston |authorlink=Ramsay Weston Phipps |title=The Armies of the First French Republic and the Rise of the Marshals of Napoleon I: The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et-Moselle |volume=2 |year=2011 |orig-year=1929 |publisher=Pickle Partners Publishing |isbn=978-1-908692-25-2 }}
- {{cite book|last=Smith |first=Digby |authorlink=Digby Smith |title=The Napoleonic Wars Data Book |year=1998 |location=London |publisher=Greenhill |isbn=1-85367-276-9 }}
- {{cite book|last=Tucker |first=Spencer C. |title=Wars That Changed History: 50 of the World's Greatest Conflicts |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-61069-785-9 |page=265 }}
{{coord|50.0000|N|8.2711|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mainz 1795}}
Category:1795 in the Habsburg monarchy
Category:Battles of the War of the First Coalition involving Austria