behavioural despair test
{{Short description|Animal test of antidepressant effectiveness}}
{{animal testing}}
The behavioural despair test (or Porsolt forced swimming test) is a test, centered on a rodent's response to the threat of drowning, whose result has been interpreted as measuring susceptibility to negative mood. It is commonly used to measure the effectiveness of antidepressants,{{cite journal|last1=Petit-Demouliere|first1=B|last2=Chenu|first2=F|last3=Bourin|first3=M|title=Forced swimming test in mice: a review of antidepressant activity.|journal=Psychopharmacology|date=January 2005|volume=177|issue=3|pages=245–55|pmid=15609067|doi=10.1007/s00213-004-2048-7|s2cid=1222576}} although significant criticisms of its interpretation have been made.{{cite journal | last1 = Borsini | first1 = Franco | last2 = Volterra | first2 = Giovanna | last3 = Meli | first3 = Alberto | year = 1986 | title = Does the behavioral "despair" test measure "despair"? | doi = 10.1016/0031-9384(86)90110-1 | journal = Physiology & Behavior | volume = 38 | issue = 3| pages = 385–386 | pmid = 3786519 | s2cid = 22261285 }}
Method
Animals are subjected to two trials during which they are forced to swim in an acrylic glass cylinder filled with water, and from which they cannot escape. The first trial lasts 15 minutes. Then, after 24-hours, a second trial is performed that lasts 5 minutes. The time that the test animal spends in the second trial without making any movements beyond those required to keep its head above water{{cite journal|last1=Porsolt|first1=RD|last2=Le Pichon|first2=M|last3=Jalfre|first3=M|title=Depression: a new animal model sensitive to antidepressant treatments.|journal=Nature|date=21 April 1977|volume=266|issue=5604|pages=730–2|pmid=559941|doi=10.1038/266730a0|bibcode=1977Natur.266..730P|s2cid=4151252}} is measured. This immobility time is decreased by various types of antidepressants and also by electroconvulsive shock.{{cite journal|last1=Porsolt|first1=RD|last2=Bertin|first2=A|last3=Jalfre|first3=M|title=Behavioral despair in mice: a primary screening test for antidepressants.|journal=Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Thérapie|date=October 1977|volume=229|issue=2|pages=327–36|pmid=596982}} Another common variant of this behavioural test specifically used for mice is conducted only for one trial and lasts six minutes.{{cite journal|last1=Can|first1=A.|last2=et|first2=al.|title=The Mouse Forced Swim Test|journal=Journal of Visualized Experiments|date=2012|volume=59|issue=3638|pmid=22314943
|url=http://www.jove.com/video/3638/the-mouse-forced-swim-test|doi=10.3791/3638|pages=e3638|pmc=3353513}} Modern implementations of the test score swimming and climbing behaviours separately, because swimming behaviour has been shown to be increased by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, while climbing behaviour is increased by selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors such as desipramine and maprotiline.{{cite journal|last1=Detke|first1=MJ|last2=Rickels|first2=M|last3=Lucki|first3=I|title=Active behaviors in the rat forced swimming test differentially produced by serotonergic and noradrenergic antidepressants.|journal=Psychopharmacology|date=September 1995|volume=121|issue=1|pages=66–72|pmid=8539342|doi=10.1007/bf02245592|s2cid=5718618}}
Controversy in interpretation
Classically, immobility in the second test has been interpreted as a behavioural correlate of negative mood, representing a kind of hopelessness in the animal. Rodents given antidepressants swim harder and longer than controls (which forms the basis for claims of the test's validity).{{cite web |url=http://www.research.psu.edu/arp/experimental-guidelines/rodent-behavioral-tests-1/porsolt-forced-swim-test |title=Porsolt Forced Swim Test — Penn State University |publisher=Research.psu.edu |date=2013-04-29 |accessdate=2014-03-24 |archive-date=2016-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604183456/http://www.research.psu.edu/arp/experimental-guidelines/rodent-behavioral-tests-1/porsolt-forced-swim-test |url-status=dead }} However, there is some debate between scientists whether increased immobility instead demonstrates learning or habituation, and would therefore be a positive behavioural adaptation:{{cite journal|last1=Borsini|first1=F|last2=Meli|first2=A|title=Is the forced swimming test a suitable model for revealing antidepressant activity?|journal=Psychopharmacology|date=1988|volume=94|issue=2|pages=147–60|pmid=3127840|doi=10.1007/bf00176837|s2cid=27239281}} the animal is less fearful because it is now familiar with the environment of the test. This interpretation is supported by the fact that even rats who are first put into a container from which they can escape (and therefore do not experience despair) show reduced mobility in the second test.{{cite journal|last1=O'Neill|first1=KA|last2=Valentino|first2=D|title=Escapability and generalization: effect on 'behavioral despair'.|journal=European Journal of Pharmacology|date=12 March 1982|volume=78|issue=3|pages=379–80|pmid=7067732|doi=10.1016/0014-2999(82)90043-7}}
Some pharmacological compounds that influence motor movement, like stimulants and sedatives, may cause animals to swim for different amounts of time that are unrelated to the antidepressant properties of the compound. {{cite journal|last1=Slattery|first1=DA|last2=Cryan|first2=JF|title= Using the rat forced swim test to assess antidepressant-like activity in rodents.|journal=Nature Protocols|date=3 May 2012|volume=7|issue=6|pages=1009–14|pmid=22555240|doi=10.1038/nprot.2012.044}} Researchers need to assess locomotor activity in the animal's homecage or by a locomotor test. If locomotion is altered compared to controls then other animal antidepressant models should be used.
The term "behavioural despair test" bears an anthropomorphic connotation and is a somewhat subjective description as it is uncertain whether the test reliably gauges mood or despair. Strictly speaking, the descriptive term "forced swimming test" is preferred by researchers. The use of forced swimming tests is criticised by animal rights groups, notably PETA.{{Cite news|url=http://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-experimentation/animals-laboratories/mice-rats-laboratories/|title=Mice and Rats in Laboratories|newspaper=PETA|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-02}}