beloniformes

{{Short description|Order of fishes}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| fossil_range = {{fossil range|50|0|Early Eocene to present}}

| image = Exvol u0.gif

| image_caption = Exocoetus volitans

| taxon = Beloniformes

| authority = L. S. Berg, 1937

| subdivision_ranks = Families

| subdivision = *Suborder Adrianichthyoidei

• Adrianichthyidae
• Suborder Exocoetoidei
• {{extinct}}Forficidae
• Superfamily Scomberesocoidea
• Belonidae
• Scomberesocidae
• Superfamily Exocoetoidea
• Exocoetidae
• Hemiramphidae
• Zenarchopteridae

| synonyms = * Exocoetiformes

• Scomberesociformes

| type_species = Belone belone

| type_species_authority = Linnaeus 1761{{Cof record|genid=871|title=Belone|access-date=28 July 2019}}

}}

Beloniformes {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|E|l|@|n|ᵻ|m|ᵻ|f|ɔːr|m|iː|z}} is an order composed of six families (and about 264 species) of freshwater and marine ray-finned fish:

• Adrianichthyidae (ricefish and medakas)
• Belonidae (needlefish)
• Exocoetidae (flyingfishes)
• Hemiramphidae (halfbeaks)
• Scomberesocidae (sauries)
• Zenarchopteridae (viviparous halfbeaks){{cite web|url=http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/OrdersSummary.cfm?order=Beloniformes|title=Order Summary for Beloniformes|author=Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors.|publisher=FishBase|access-date=2007-02-10}}

With the exception of the Adrianichthyidae, these are streamlined, medium-sized fishes that live close to the surface of the water, feeding on algae, plankton, or smaller animals including other fishes. Most are marine, though a few needlefish and halfbeaks inhabit brackish and fresh waters.Helfman G., Collette B., & Facey D.: The Diversity of Fishes, Blackwell Publishing, pp 274–276, 1997, {{ISBN|0-86542-256-7}}

The order is sometimes divided up into two suborders, the Adrianichthyoidei and the Belonoidei, although this clade is referred to as Exocoetoidei in the 5th edition of Fishes of the World. The Adrianichthyoidei contain only a single family, the Adrianichthyidae. Originally, the Adrianichthyidae were included in the Cyprinodontiformes and assumed to be closely related to the killifish, but a closer relationship to the beloniforms is indicated by various characteristics including the absence of the interhyal, resulting in the upper jaw being fixed or not protrusible. The Belonoidei may also be further subdivided into two superfamilies, the Scomberesocoidea and the Exocoetoidea. The Scomberesocoidea contain the Belonidae and Scomberesocidae, while the Exocoetoidea comprise the Exocoetidae, Hemiramphidae and Zenarchopteridae.{{cite book|title=Fishes of the World|last=Nelson|first=Joseph S.|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc|year=2006|isbn=978-0-471-25031-9|title-link=Fishes of the World}}{{cite book |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |author1=J. S. Nelson |author2=T. C. Grande |author3=M. V. H. Wilson |year=2016 |pages=363 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-34233-6 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |access-date=2019-07-28 |archive-date=2019-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408194051/https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |url-status=dead }} However, newer evidence shows the flyingfishes are nested within the halfbeaks, and the needlefish and sauries are nested within the subfamily Zenarchopterinae of the family Hemiramphidae, which has been recognized as its own family. The sauries are also nested within the family Belonidae.{{cite journal|last=Lovejoy|first=N|author2=Iranpour, M |author3=Collette, B |title=Phylogeny and Jaw Ontogeny of Beloniform Fishes|journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology|volume=44|pages=366–377|year=2004|doi=10.1093/icb/44.5.366|issue=5|pmid=21676722|doi-access=free|citeseerx=10.1.1.527.8541}}

The beloniforms display an interesting array of jaw morphologies. The basal condition in the order excluding the ricefishes is an elongated lower jaw in juveniles and adults as represented in halfbeaks. In the needlefish and sauries, both jaws are elongated in the adults; the juveniles of most species develop through a "halfbeak stage" before having both jaws elongated. The elongated lower jaw is lost in adults and is lost in most juveniles in the flyingfishes and some halfbeak genera.

They are known for many commercial uses, and have about 260 different species. Beloniformes lack a complete sequence of mitogenomes. This leads to many variations in mtDNA, about 35 different ones. To understand evolution for Beloniformes and to identify the larvae, scientists will use Beloniformes to help them study this.{{Cite journal|last1=Lu|first1=Songhui|last2=Zheng|first2=Zhijia|last3=Cen|first3=Jingyi|last4=Gao|first4=Jian|last5=Cao|first5=Rongbo|last6=Dong|first6=Yuelei|last7=Cui|first7=Lei|date=2018-11-15|title=Mitochondrial genome of the garfish Hyporhamphus quoyi (Beloniformes: Hemiramphidae) and phylogenetic relationships within Beloniformes based on whole mitogenomes|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=13|issue=11|pages=e0205025|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0205025|issn=1932-6203|pmc=6237333|pmid=30439949|bibcode=2018PLoSO..1305025C|doi-access=free}}

The oldest known fossil remains of the Beloniformes are from the Early Eocene-aged Monte Bolca site of Italy. These include the early halfbeak "Hemirhamphus" edwardsi and the early flyingfishes Rhamphexocoetus and "Engraulis" evolans.{{Cite journal |last1=Carnevale |first1=G. |last2=Bannikov |first2=Alexandre F. |last3=Marramà |first3=G. |last4=Tyler |first4=James C. |last5=Zorzin. |first5=R. |date=2014 |title=The Bolca Fossil-Lagerstätte: A window into the Eocene World. 5. The Pesciara- Monte Postale Fossil-Lagerstätte: 2. Fishes and other vertebrates. Excursion guide |url=https://iris.unito.it/bitstream/2318/149338/1/Carnevale%20et%20al%202014%20The%20Pesciara%20F-L.%20Fishes%20and%20other%20vertebrates2.pdf |journal=Rendiconti della Società Paleontologica Italiana |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=i–xxvii |hdl=10088/25678}} The extinct family Forficidae (containing the genera Rhomurus, Forfex and Zelotichthys) is known from the Late Miocene-aged Los Angeles Basin deposits in southern California.{{Cite book |last=California Academy of Sciences |url=https://archive.org/details/occasionalpaper00calif/occasionalpaper00calif/page/86/mode/2up?q=Forfex |title=Occasional papers of the California Academy of Sciences |date=1890 |publisher=San Francisco : California Academy of Sciences |others=California Academy of Sciences}} Forficidae is one of a few Pacific fish families that was extant during the Neogene but extinct today.{{Cite journal |last=Nazarkin |first=Mikhail |date=2016 |title=Fossil fishes of the extinct alepisauroid family Polymerichthyidae from the Tertiary of Sakhalin Island, Russia |url=https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app002472016.html |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |language=en |volume=61 |doi=10.4202/app.00247.2016 |issn=0567-7920|doi-access=free }}