benzoin (resin)

{{Short description|Balsamic resin from trees in genus Styrax}}

{{distinguish|Benzoin (organic compound)}}{{other|Benzoin (disambiguation)}}

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File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Drie soorten benzoë te Tapanoeli TMnr 10012872.jpg]]

Benzoin {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɛ|n|z|oʊ-|.|ᵻ|n}} or benjamin (corrupted pronunciation){{cite journal|last=Wedgwood|first=Hensleigh|author-link=Hensleigh Wedgwood|title=On False Etymologies|journal=Transactions of the Philological Society|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3924121;view=1up;seq=77|year=1855|issue=6|pages=67|access-date=2018-09-22|archive-date=2020-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626191250/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3924121;view=1up;seq=77|url-status=live}} is a balsamic resin obtained from the bark of several species of trees in the genus Styrax. It is used in perfumes and some kinds of incense and as a flavoring and medicine (see tincture of benzoin). It is distinct from the chemical compound benzoin, which is ultimately derived chemically from benzoin resin; the primary active ingredient of benzoin resin is actually benzoic acid, not benzoin.

Benzoin is sometimes called gum benzoin or gum benjamin,{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3d1hFvS3L7oC&pg=PA242|page=242|title=Herbal Delights|author=C. F. Leyel|publisher=Health Research Books|date=2007|isbn=9780787314125|access-date=2020-09-21|archive-date=2022-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709093814/https://books.google.com/books?id=3d1hFvS3L7oC&pg=PA242|url-status=live}} and in India Sambrani or loban, though loban is, via Arabic lubān, a generic term for frankincense-type incense, e.g., fragrant tree resin.{{citation | author=A. Dietrich | contribution=LUBĀN | title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam | edition=2nd | volume=5 | publisher=Brill | year=1986 | page=786a}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXDsIun1ovwC&pg=PA117|page=117|title=Incense and Incense Rituals|author=Thomas Kinkele|publisher=Lotus Press|date=30 Jun 2005|isbn=9788180565298|access-date=21 September 2020|archive-date=9 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709093814/https://books.google.com/books?id=TXDsIun1ovwC&pg=PA117|url-status=live}} The syllable "benz" ultimately derives from the Arabic lubān jāwī (لبان جاوي, "frankincense from Java"). (mid 16th century: from French benjoin, based on Arabic lubānjāwī ‘incense of Java’.)

Benzoin is also called storax, not to be confused with the balsam of the same name obtained from the Hamamelidaceae family.

Benzoin is a common ingredient in incense-making and perfumery because of its sweet vanilla-like aroma and fixative properties. Gum benzoin is a major component of the type of church incense used in Russia and some other Eastern Orthodox Christian societies, as well as Latin Catholic churches.St. Alban Blend Benzoin is used in the Arabian Peninsula and Hindu temples of India, where it is burned on charcoal as an incense. It is also used in the production of Bakhoor (Arabic بخور - scented wood chips) as well as various mixed resin incense in the Arab countries and the Horn of Africa. Benzoin is also used in blended types of Japanese incense, Indian incense, Chinese incense (known as Anxi xiang; 安息香), and Papier d'Arménie as well as incense sticks.

There are two common kinds of benzoin, benzoin Siam and benzoin Sumatra. Benzoin Siam is obtained from Styrax tonkinensis, found across Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Benzoin Sumatra is obtained from Styrax paralleloneurus (syn. Styrax sumatranus) and Styrax benzoin, which grows predominantly on the island of Sumatra.{{Cite journal |last=Saputra |first=Muhammad Hadi |last2=Sagala |first2=Saut Aritua Hasiholan |last3=Lee |first3=Han Soo |date=2020-01-16 |title=Species distribution of Styrax sumatrana in North Sumatra using Maxent modelling approach |url=https://journals.ums.ac.id/index.php/fg/article/view/9056/5310 |journal=Forum Geografi |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=196–208 |doi=10.23917/forgeo.v33i2.9056 |issn=2460-3945|doi-access=free }}{{citation | author=Karl-Georg Fahlbusch | contribution=Flavors and Fragrances | title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry | edition=7th | publisher=Wiley | year=2007 | page=87|display-authors=etal}} Unlike Siamese benzoin, Sumatran benzoin contains cinnamic acid in addition to benzoic acid.{{citation | author=Klemens Fielbach | author2=Dieter Grimm | contribution=Resins, Natural | title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry | edition=7th | publisher=Wiley | year=2007 | page=4}} In the United States, Sumatra benzoin is more customarily used in pharmaceutical preparations, Siam benzoin in the flavor and fragrance industries.{{cite book | last=Duke | first=James A. | title=Duke's Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible | publisher=CRC Press | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-8493-8203-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UcLYLpwdcm8C | page=446 | access-date=2022-04-14 | archive-date=2022-04-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421203548/https://books.google.com/books?id=UcLYLpwdcm8C | url-status=live }}

In perfumery, benzoin is used as a fixative, slowing the dispersion of essential oils and other fragrance materials into the air. Benzoin is used in cosmetics, veterinary medicine, and scented candles. It is used as a flavoring in alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, baked goods, chewing gum, frozen dairy, gelatins, puddings, and soft candy.{{citation | entry=Benzoin Resin | author=George A. Burdock | title=Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients | edition=6th | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2010 | pages=139–140}}

In anesthesia and surgery, it is used as an adhesive to secure wound and catheter dressing and is available as a sterile preparation. {{Cite web |title=Benzoin adhesive |url=https://www.3m.com/3M/en_US/p/d/v000095028/}}