bind rune

There are two types of bind runes. Normal bind runes are formed of two (or rarely three) adjacent runes which are joined together to form a single conjoined glyph, usually sharing a common vertical stroke (see Hadda example below).{{cite book |last=Elliott |first=R. W. V. |title=Runes |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=1980 |isbn=0-7190-0787-9 |page=22 }} Another type of bind rune called a same-stave rune, which is common in Scandinavian runic inscriptions but does not occur at all in Anglo-Saxon runic inscriptions, is formed by several runic letters written sequentially along a long common stemline (see þ=r=u=t=a=ʀ= =þ=i=a=k=n example shown in image).{{Cite book |last=MacLeod |first=Mindy |title=Bind-Runes: An Investigation of Ligatures in Runic Epigraphy |publisher=Uppsala University |year=2002 |pages=16–18, 158–59, 162–163 |isbn=91-506-1534-3}} In the latter cases the long bind rune stemline may be incorporated into an image on the rune stone, for example as a ship's mast on runestones Sö 158 at Ärsta and Sö 352 in Linga, Södermanland, Sweden, or as the waves under a ship on DR 220 in Sønder Kirkeby, Denmark.

Examples found in Elder Futhark inscriptions include:

• Stacked Tiwaz runes: Kylver Stone, Seeland-II-C
• Gebô runes combined with vowels: Kragehul I
• The syllable ing written as a ligature of Isaz and Ingwaz (the so-called "lantern rune").Richard Lee Morris, Runic and Mediterranean Epigraphy, 1988, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8LPEXoYbHZ4C&pg=PA130 p. 130].

Bind runes are not common in Anglo-Saxon inscriptions, but double ligatures do sometimes occur, and triple ligatures may rarely occur. The following are examples of bind-runes that have been identified in Anglo-Saxon runic inscriptions:{{cite book |last=Elliott |first= R. W. V. |title=Runes |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=1980 |isbn=0-7190-0787-9 |pages=87, 105}}{{cite book |last=Page |first=Raymond I. |author-link=Raymond Ian Page |title=An Introduction to English Runes |publisher=Boydell Press |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgpriZdKin0C |isbn=0-85115-946-X |pages=48, 163, 169, 172 }}

File:British Museum Runic Silver Animal Head.jpg

File:British Museum Runic Bone Plaque.jpg

• The word {{lang|ang|gebiddaþ}} is written with a ligatured double {{runic|ᛞ}} (dd) on the Thornhill III rune-stone
• The name {{lang|ang|Hadda}} is written with a ligatured double {{runic|ᛞ}} (dd) on the Derbyshire bone plate
• The word {{lang|ang|broþer}} is written with a ligatured {{runic|ᛖ}} and {{runic|ᚱ}} (er) on some Northumbrian stycas
• The Latin word {{lang|la|meus}} is written as {{lang|la|mæus}} with a ligatured {{runic|ᛗ}} and {{runic|ᚫ}} (mæ) on the Whitby comb
• The inscription {{lang|ang|[h]ring ic hatt[æ]}} ("ring I am called") is written with a ligatured {{runic|ᚻ}} and {{runic|ᚪ}} (ha) on the Wheatley Hill finger-ring
• The names of the evangelists, Mat(t)[h](eus) and Marcus are both written with a ligatured {{runic|ᛗ}} and {{runic|ᚪ}} (ma) on St Cuthbert's coffin
• The name {{lang|ang|Dering}} may be written with a triple ligatured {{runic|ᛞ}}, {{runic|ᛖ}} and {{runic|ᚱ}} (der) on the Thornhill III rune-stone (this reading is not certain)
• The word {{lang|ang|sefa}} is written with a ligatured {{runic|ᚠ}} and {{runic|ᚪ}} (fa) on the right side of the Franks Casket
• Double ligatured runes {{runic|ᛖᚱ}} (er), {{runic|ᚻᚪ}} (ha) and {{runic|ᛞᚫ}} (dæ) occur in the cryptic runic inscription on a silver knife mount at the British Museum
• The word gægogæ on the Undley bracteate is written with ligatured {{runic|ᚷ}} and {{runic|ᚫ}} (gæ) and {{runic|ᚷ}} and {{runic|ᚩ}} (go)
• A ligatured {{runic|ᚾ}} and {{runic|ᛏ}} (nt) occurs in the word glæstæpontol on a cryptic inscription on a silver ring from Bramham Moor in West Yorkshire
• A triple ligature {{runic|ᛞ}}, {{runic|ᛗ}} and {{runic|ᚩ}} (dmo) occurs on a broken amulet found near Stratford-upon-Avon in 2006. This is the only known certain Anglo-Saxon triple bind rune. There is possibly a faint {{runic|ᛖ}}, {{runic|ᛞ}} (ed) bind rune on the reverse of the amulet.{{Cite web |title=Amulet WAW-4CA072 |url=http://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/405373 |publisher=Portable Antiquities Scheme |date=6 September 2010 |access-date=2013-01-06 }}
• The name Ecgbeorht engraved on an armband from the Galloway Hoard is written eggbrect with ligatured {{runic|ᛖ}} and {{runic|ᚳ}} (ec), and the final {{runic|ᛏ}} (t) added above the final letter
• The otherwise unattested Anglo-Saxon name Eadruf {{runic|ᛖᚪᛞᚱᚢᚠ}} is inscribed on a gold Latin cross pendant, with ligatured {{runic|ᛞ}} and {{runic|ᚱ}} (dr) and probable ligatured {{runic|ᛖ}} and {{runic|ᚪ}} (ea){{Cite web |title=Penndant DUR-B62F57 |url=https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/986027 |publisher=Portable Antiquities Scheme |date=23 June 2020 |access-date=2021-01-10 }}

• The Bluetooth logo 17px merges the runes analogous to the modern Latin alphabet letters h and b; {{runic|ᚼ}} (Hagall) and {{runic|ᛒ}} (Berkanan) together, forming a bind rune. The two letters form the initials 'H B', alluding to the Danish king and viking raider Harald Bluetooth, for whom Bluetooth was named.
• The former logo of Thor Steinar featured a combination of a *tiwaz rune ({{runic|ᛏ}}) and a *sowilo rune {{runic|ᛋ}}. This logo caused controversy as the runes were so combined that a part of the logo became very similar to the insignia of the {{lang|de|Schutzstaffel}}.

Image:Rathulf.jpg|The a and the þ runes in ligature on the Rök runestone

Image:Skibari.jpg|The s and k runes in ligature in the Old Norse word {{lang|non|skipari}} ("sailor") on the Tuna Runestone in Småland

Image:Sønder Kirkby bindrune.jpg|A bind rune for the word {{lang|non|runaʀ}} on the Sønder Kirkeby Runestone in Denmark

File:Bluetooth.svg|Bluetooth logo (20th/21st-century bind rune of {{runic|ᛡ}} (Hagall) and {{runic|ᛒ}} (Bjarkan)

• Helm of Awe
• Cipher runes
• Pseudo-runes
• List of runestones

{{reflist}}

• [http://users.on.net/~starbase/galdrastafir/bindrunes.htm Nordic bind runes]

{{Runes}}

Category:Runology

Category:Typographic ligatures