bioinstructive material

Bioinstructive materials provide instruction to biological cells or tissue, for example immune instruction when monocytes are cultured on certain polymers they polarise to pro- or anti-inflammatory macrophages with potential applications in implanted devices,{{Cite journal|last=Hassan|first=Rostam|date=2015|title=Impact of surface chemistry and topography on the function of antigen presenting cells|url=|journal=Biomaterials Science|volume=3|issue=3|pages=424–441|doi=10.1039/C4BM00375F|pmid=26222286}}{{Cite journal|last=Hassan|first=Rostam|date=2020|title=Immune-Instructive Polymers Control Macrophage Phenotype and Modulate the Foreign Body Response In Vivo|journal=Matter (Cell Press)|volume=2|issue=6|pages=1564–1581|doi=10.1016/j.matt.2020.03.018|s2cid=219058481|doi-access=free}} or materials for the repair of musculoskeletal tissues.{{Cite journal|last=Tomas|first=Gonzalez-Fernandez|date=2019|title=Bio-instructive materials for musculoskeletal regeneration|url=|journal=Acta Biomaterialia|volume=96|pages=20–34|doi=10.1016/j.actbio.2019.07.014|pmid=31302298|pmc=6717669}} Due to the paucity of information on the mechanism of materials control of cells, beyond the general recognition of the important role of adsorbed biomolecules,{{Cite journal|last=Buddy|first=Ratner|date=2005|title=Mediation of Biomaterial–Cell Interactions by Adsorbed Proteins: A Review|url=|journal=Tissue Engineering|volume=11|issue=1–2|pages=1–18|doi=10.1089/ten.2005.11.1|pmid=15738657|s2cid=19306269 }} high throughput screening of large libraries of materials, topographies, and shapes are often used to identify cell instructive material systems.{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=Liangliang|date=2021|title=High-Throughput Methods in the Discovery and Study of Biomaterials and Materiobiology|journal=Chemical Reviews|volume=121|issue=8|pages=4561–4677|doi=10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00752|pmid=33705116|pmc=8154331}} Applications of bioinstructive materials as substrates for stem cell production,{{Cite journal|last=Celiz|first=Adam|date=2014|title=Materials for stem cell factories of the future|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nmat3972|journal=Nature Materials|volume=13|issue=6|pages=570–579|doi=10.1038/nmat3972|pmid=24845996|bibcode=2014NatMa..13..570C|s2cid=205409943 }} cell delivery and reduction of foreign body reaction{{Cite journal|last=Vegas|first=Arturo|date=2016|title=Combinatorial hydrogel library enables identification of materials that mitigate the foreign body response in primates|journal=Nature Biotechnology|volume=34|issue=3|pages=345–352|doi=10.1038/nbt.3462|pmid=26807527|pmc=4904301|hdl=1721.1/109048}}{{Cite journal|last=Vegas|first=Arturo|date=2016|title=Long-term glycemic control using polymer-encapsulated human stem cell–derived beta cells in immune-competent mice|journal=Nature Medicine|volume=23|issue=3|pages=306–311|doi=10.1038/nm.4030|pmid=26808346|pmc=4825868}} and coatings to reduce infections on medical devices.{{Cite journal|last=Hook|first=Andrew|date=2012|title=Combinatorial discovery of polymers resistant to bacterial attachment|url=|journal=Nature Biotechnology|volume=30|issue=9|pages=868–875|doi=10.1038/nbt.2316|pmid=22885723|pmc=3796337|hdl=1721.1/91141}}{{Cite journal|last=Jeffery|first=N|date=2019|title=A new bacterial resistant polymer catheter coating to reduce catheter associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI): A first-in-man pilot study|url=https://www.eu-openscience.europeanurology.com/article/S1569-9056(19)30282-9/abstract|journal=European Urology Supplements|volume=18|pages=e377|doi=10.1016/S1569-9056(19)30282-9|s2cid=87771243|url-access=subscription}} This non-leaching approach is distinct from strategies of infection control relying on antibiotic release,{{Cite journal|last=Bayston|first=Roger|date=2004|title=Mode of action of an antimicrobial biomaterial for use in hydrocephalus shunts|url=|journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|volume=53|issue=5|pages=778–782|doi=10.1093/jac/dkh183|pmid=15056650}} cytokine delivery{{Cite journal|last=Riabov|first=Vladimir|date=2017|title=Generation of anti-inflammatory macrophages for implants and regenerative medicine using self-standing release systems with a phenotype-fixing cytokine cocktail formulation|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28159717/|journal=Acta Biomaterialia|volume=53|pages=389–398|doi=10.1016/j.actbio.2017.01.071|pmid=28159717}} or guidance of cells by surface located epitopes{{Cite journal|last=Cavalcanti-Adam|first=Elisabetta|date=2007|title=Cell Spreading and Focal Adhesion Dynamics Are Regulated by Spacing of Integrin Ligands|url=|journal=Biophysical Journal|volume=92|issue=8|pages=2964–2974|doi=10.1529/biophysj.106.089730|pmid=17277192|pmc=1831685|bibcode=2007BpJ....92.2964C}} inspired by nature.