biosignal

Electrical biosignals, or bioelectrical time signals, usually refers to the change in electric current produced by the sum of an electrical potential difference across a specialized tissue, organ or cell system like the nervous system. Thus, among the best-known bioelectrical signals are:

• Electroencephalogram (EEG)
• Electrocardiogram (ECG)
• Electromyogram (EMG)
• Electrooculogram (EOG)
• Electroretinogram (ERG)
• Electrogastrogram (EGG)
• Galvanic skin response (GSR) or electrodermal activity (EDA)

EEG, ECG, EOG and EMG are measured with a differential amplifier which registers the difference between two electrodes attached to the skin. However, the galvanic skin response measures electrical resistance and the Magnetoencephalography (MEG) measures the magnetic field induced by electrical currents (electroencephalogram) of the brain.

With the development of methods for remote measurement of electric fields using new sensor technology, electric biosignals such as EEG{{cite web|url=http://www.sussex.ac.uk/internal/bulletin/archive/08feb02/article7.shtml|title=Remote heartbeat monitor will outperform current technology|publisher=University of Sussex Bulletin|date=8 February 2002|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101162810/http://www.sussex.ac.uk/internal/bulletin/archive/08feb02/article7.shtml|archive-date=1 November 2018|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.sussex.ac.uk/newsandevents/pressrelease/media/media260.html|title=New non-invasive sensor can detect brainwaves remotely|publisher=University of Sussex|date=24 October 2002|access-date=14 June 2015}}{{cite conference|author1=T. J. Sullivan |author2=S.R. Deiss |author3=G. Cauwenberghs |title=A Low-Noise, Non-Contact EEG/ECG Sensor|conference=Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference, 2007 (BIOCAS 2007, IEEE)|date=November 2007|pages=154–157|doi=10.1109/BIOCAS.2007.4463332}}{{cite conference|author1=Yu M. Chi |author2=Patrick Ng |author3=Eric Kang |author4=Joseph Kang |author5=Jennifer Fang |author6=Gert Cauwenberghs |title=Wireless non-contact cardiac and neural monitoring

|conference=Proceedings of Wireless Health 2010 (WH'10)|pages=15–23|doi=10.1145/1921081.1921085}} and ECG{{cite journal|author1=C J Harland |author2=T D Clark |author3=R J Prance |title=Electric potential probes - new directions in the remote sensing of the human body|journal=Measurement Science and Technology|volume=13|issue=2|date=February 2002|doi=10.1088/0957-0233/13/2/304|pages=163 ff|bibcode=2002MeScT..13..163H |s2cid=250837184 }}{{cite journal|author1=C.J. Harland |author2=T.D. Clark |author3=N.S. Peters |author4=M.J. Everitt |author5=P.B. Stiffell |title=A compact electric potential sensor array for the acquisition and reconstruction of the 7-lead electrocardiogram without electrical charge contact with the skin|journal=Physiological Measurement|volume=26|issue=6|pages=939–950|doi=10.1088/0967-3334/26/6/005|year=2005 |pmid=16311443 |bibcode=2005PhyM...26..939H |s2cid=23237978 }}{{cite journal|author1=M. Oehler |author2=V. Ling |author3=K. Melhorn |author4=M. Schilling |title=A multichannel portable ECG system with capacitive sensors|journal=Physiological Measurement|volume=29|issue=7|pages=783–793|doi=10.1088/0967-3334/29/7/007|year=2008 |pmid=18560053 |bibcode=2008PhyM...29..783O |s2cid=30803383 }} can be measured without electric contact with the skin. This can be applied, for example, for remote monitoring of brain waves and heart beat of patients who must not be touched, in particular patients with serious burns.

Electrical currents and changes in electrical resistances across tissues can also be measured from plants.

Biosignals may also refer to any non-electrical signal that is capable of being monitored from biological beings, such as mechanical signals (e.g. the mechanomyogram or MMG), acoustic signals (e.g. phonetic and non-phonetic utterances, breathing), chemical signals (e.g. pH, oxygenation) and optical signals (e.g. movements).

In recent years, the use of biosignals has gained interest amongst an international artistic community of performers and composers who use biosignals to produce and control sound. Research and practice in the field go back decades in various formsBrouse, Andrew. "[http://cec.sonus.ca/econtact/14_2/brouse_brainwavemusic.html A Young Person's Guide to Brainwave Music: Forty years of audio from the human EEG]." eContact! 14.2 — Biotechnological Performance Practice / Pratiques de performance biotechnologique (July 2012). Montréal: CEC.Ortiz, Miguel. "[http://cec.sonus.ca/econtact/14_2/ortiz_biofeedback.html A Brief History of Biosignal-Driven Art: From biofeedback to biophysical performance]." eContact! 14.2 — Biotechnological Performance Practice / Pratiques de performance biotechnologique (July 2012). Montréal: CEC. and have lately been enjoying a resurgence, thanks to the increasing availability of more affordable and less cumbersome technologies.Lopes, Pedro and jef chippewa. "[http://cec.sonus.ca/econtact/14_2/lopes_bc4-interview.html Performing Biological Bodies: An open conversation with Marco Donnarumma, Claudia Robles and Peter Kirn at Body Controlled #4 — Bio Interfacing]." eContact! 14.2 — Biotechnological Performance Practice / Pratiques de performance biotechnologique (July 2012). Montréal: CEC. An entire issue of eContact!, published by the Canadian Electroacoustic Community in July 2012, was dedicated to this subject, with contributions from the key figures in the domain.[http://cec.sonus.ca/econtact/14_2 eContact! 14.2 — Biotechnological Performance Practice / Pratiques de performance biotechnologique] (July 2012). Montréal: CEC.

{{see also|Protein music}}

• Bioindicator
• Biomarker
• Biosignature
• Molecular marker
• Multimedia information retrieval

{{Reflist}}

• Donnarumma, Marco. "[http://cec.sonus.ca/econtact/14_2/donnarumma_hypochrysos.html Proprioception, Effort and Strain in "Hypo Chrysos": Action art for vexed body and the Xth Sense]." eContact! 14.2 — Biotechnological Performance Practice / Pratiques de performance biotechnologique (July 2012). Montréal: CEC.
• Tanaka, Atau. "[http://cec.sonus.ca/econtact/14_2/tanaka_personalsurvey.html The Use of Electromyogram Signals (EMG) in Musical Performance: A Personal survey of two decades of practice]." eContact! 14.2 — Biotechnological Performance Practice / Pratiques de performance biotechnologique (July 2012). Montréal: CEC.
• {{cite book | editor-last=Naït-Ali | editor-first=Amine | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9DR_QaDYCHYC |title=Advanced Biosignal Processing | publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg | location=Berlin, Heidelberg | year=2009 | isbn=978-3-540-89505-3 | doi=10.1007/978-3-540-89506-0 | ref={{sfnref | Springer Berlin Heidelberg | 2009}}}}

;Applications:

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20150813072823/http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220070185697%22.PGNR.&OS=DN%2F20070185697&RS=DN%2F20070185697 Using electroencephalograph signals for task classification and activity recognition Microsoft]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20151213134959/ftp://ftp.hq.nasa.gov/pub/pao/pressrel/2001/01-012.txt NASA scientists use hands-off approach to land passengers jet]

;Hardware:

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20071213132540/http://www.univie.ac.at/cga/courses/BE513/EMG/ University of Vienna : cours Biomedical Engineering, Electromyography (EMG)]
• [http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/bionb440/FinalProjects/f2005/kwj5/index.html Electroencephalographe,EEG, sans fil ( Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA) ]

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Category:Biology terminology

Category:Electrophysiology