blue toe syndrome

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Blue toe syndrome is a situation that may reflect atherothrombotic (clots resulting from the build-up of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls){{Cite journal |last=Mojca |first=Stegnar |date=2003-07-03 |title=Atherothrombosis: Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disease |journal=EJIFCC |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=47–50 |issn=1650-3414 |pmc=6169144 |pmid=30302073}} microembolism, causing transient focal ischaemia, a temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain or spinal cord,{{Citation |last1=Panuganti |first1=Kiran K. |title=Transient Ischemic Attack |date=2024 |work=StatPearls |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459143/ |access-date=2024-09-29 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29083778 |last2=Tadi |first2=Prasanna |last3=Lui |first3=Forshing}} occasionally with minor apparent tissue loss, but without diffuse forefoot ischemia.[http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/0741-5214/PIIS0741521497700454.pdf 'Standards for vascular reporting'] The development of blue or violaceous toes can also occur with trauma, cold-induced injury, disorders producing generalized cyanosis, decreased arterial flow, impaired venous outflow, and abnormal circulating blood.{{cite journal | pmid = 10834489 | volume=11 | issue=5 | title=Blue toe syndrome: treatment with intra-arterial stents and review of therapies | year=2000 | journal=J Vasc Interv Radiol | pages=585–92 | vauthors=Matchett WJ, McFarland DR, Eidt JF, Moursi MM | doi=10.1016/s1051-0443(07)61610-8 }}{{cite journal | pmid = 8889381 | volume=11 | issue=5 | title=Evaluation and management of cholesterol embolization and the blue toe syndrome | year=1996 | journal=Curr Opin Cardiol | pages=533–42 | vauthors=Applebaum RM, Kronzon I | doi=10.1097/00001573-199609000-00013 }}{{cite journal | pmid = 7963875 | volume=13 | issue=2 | title=Femoral artery hypoplasia and persistent sciatic artery with blue toe syndrome: a case report, histologic analysis and review of the literature | year=1994 | journal=Int Angiol | pages=154–9 | vauthors=Sottiurai VS, Omlie W }}{{cite journal | pmid = 27274647 | doi=10.5021/ad.2016.28.3.400 | volume=28 | issue=3 | title=Blue Toe Syndrome as an Early Sign of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation | pmc=4884725 | year=2016 | journal=Ann Dermatol | pages=400–1 | vauthors=Choi KH, Yoo J, Huh JW, Jeong YI, Kim MS, Jue MS, Park HJ }} The terms "blue toe syndrome", "grey toe syndrome" and "purple toe syndrome" are sometimes used interchangeably.{{cite journal |vauthors=Hirschmann JV, Raugi GJ |title=Blue (or purple) toe syndrome |journal=J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=1–20; quiz 21–2 |date=January 2009 |pmid=19103358 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2008.09.038 }}

Studies may include echocardiography, thoracic and abdominal CT or MRI,{{cite journal | vauthors = Kopani K, Liao S, Shaffer K | year = 2009 | title = The Coral Reef Aorta: Diagnosis and Treatment Following CT. | journal = Radiol. Case Rep. | volume = 4 | issue = 1| page = 209 | doi = 10.2484/rcr.v4i1.209 | pmid = 27843516 | pmc = 5106526 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Belczak SQ, Sincos IR, Aun R, Costa KV, Araujo EA | date = Apr 2014 | title = Coral reef aorta, emergency surgical: case report and literature review | journal = Einstein (Sao Paulo) | volume = 12 | issue = 2| pages = 237–41 | doi = 10.1590/s1679-45082014rc2772|pmc=4891170 | pmid = 25003933 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Schulte KM, Reiher L, Grabitz L, Sandmann W | date = Nov 2000 | title = Coral reef aorta: a long-term study of 21 patients | journal = Ann Vasc Surg | volume = 14 | issue = 6| pages = 626–33 | doi = 10.1007/s100169910091 | pmid = 11128458 | s2cid = 25265011 }}{{cite journal | pmid = 23518854 | doi=10.1177/1708538113478764 | volume=21 | issue=4 | title=Coral reef aorta: case report and review of the literature | year=2013 | journal=Vascular | pages=251–9 | vauthors=Policha A, Moudgill N, Eisenberg J, Rao A, DiMuzio P | s2cid=63550 }} peripheral arterial run off imaging studies, hypercoagulopathy labs, and interrogation of syndromes that lead to peripheral vascular pathology.{{cite journal | vauthors = Blackshear JL, Oldenburg WA, Cohen MD | date = Dec 1994 | title = Making the diagnosis when the patient has 'blue toes' | journal = Geriatrics | volume = 49 | issue = 12| pages = 37–9, 43–5 | pmid = 7982584 }}