botanical drug

A botanical drug product is defined in the United States Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C) as a botanical drug that is marketed as diagnosing, mitigating, treating, or curing a disease; a botanical product in turn, is a finished, labeled product that contains vegetable matter as ingredients.U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). June 2004. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090710000303/http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm070491.pdf Guidance for Industry: Botanical Drug Products]{{rp|2–3}} Chemicals that are purified from plants, like paclitaxel or artemisinin, and highly purified products of industrial fermentation, like biopharmaceuticals, are not considered to be botanical products.{{rp|3}}

The FD&C act separately regulates uses of botanical products as food (including dietary supplements), medical devices (e.g., gutta-percha), and cosmetics.{{rp|2}}

Like other drugs, botanical drugs may be sold over the counter (OTC) or by prescription only. For OTC drugs, a monograph must be created by the company that wants to market the drug and then approved by the FDA, after which it is published in the Federal Register. For prescription drugs, a New Drug Application (NDA) must be filed with and approved by the FDA; clinical data included in the NDA is gathered under an Investigational New Drug Application which the FDA also must approve before clinical testing begins.{{rp|3–4}}

Assessment of the safety and toxicity of botanical drugs in clinical trials, and in ensuring their quality once the drug is on the market, is complicated by the nature of the raw ingredients; problems arise in identifying the correct plants to harvest, in the quality of plants harvested, in their processing, and in the stability of the active components, which are often poorly understood.{{cite journal | author = Jordan SA, Cunningham DG, Marles RJ | date = Mar 2010 | title = Assessment of herbal medicinal products: challenges, and opportunities to increase the knowledge base for safety assessment | journal = Toxicol Appl Pharmacol | volume = 243 | issue = 2| pages = 198–216 | doi = 10.1016/j.taap.2009.12.005 | pmid = 20018204 }}

The FDA relies on a combination of tests and controls to ensure the identity and quality of botanical drugs. The tests include "fingerprinting" using spectroscopy or chromatography, chemical or biological assays, and process controls on raw material collection and processing.{{rp|5}} The standards are higher for botanical drugs than for extracts or plant matter used in dietary supplements.{{rp|5}}

If the substance being developed as a botanical drug has been used in traditional medicine, it may be possible to begin initial, small clinical trials without conducting extensive toxicology testing.{{rp|13}}{{cite journal | author = Wu KM, Ghantous H, Birnkrant DB | date = Aug 2008 | title = Current regulatory toxicology perspectives on the development of herbal medicines to prescription drug products in the United States | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1258939| journal = Food Chem Toxicol | volume = 46 | issue = 8| pages = 2606–10 | doi = 10.1016/j.fct.2008.05.029 | pmid = 18614266 }}{{cite journal | author = Wu KM | display-authors = etal | date = Feb 2010 | title = Current regulatory perspectives on genotoxicity testing for botanical drug product development in the U.S.A. | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1259501| journal = Regul Toxicol Pharmacol | volume = 56 | issue = 1| pages = 1–3 | doi = 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.09.012 | pmid = 19782117 }} However, toxicity testing is required before beginning larger clinical trials and trials that will be used to get approval to sell a botanical drug.

The endogenous Chinese pharmaceutical industry is made up mostly of companies that make herbal traditional chinese medicines and sell them over the counter; the US regulatory pathway is similar to that established by the China Food and Drug Administration.Deloitte, 2011 [http://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ch/Documents/life-sciences-health-care/ch_Studie_Pharmaceutical_China_05052014.pdf The next phase:Opportunities in China's pharmaceuticals market]{{rp|15,20}}

The European regulatory pathway is also similar.{{cite journal | author = Poluzzi E | display-authors = etal | year = 2014 | title = "Phytoestrogens in postmenopause " the state of the art from a chemical, pharmacological and regulatory perspective | journal = Curr Med Chem | volume = 21 | issue = 4| pages = 417–36 | pmid = 24164197 | pmc = 3963458 | doi = 10.2174/09298673113206660297 }}

File:Sangre de Grado.jpg bark with a few drops of dragon's blood]]

• Sinecatechins (Veregen) was the first botanical drug approved in the US in 2006; a green tea extract, for genital warts{{cite journal | author = Chen ST | display-authors = etal | date = Oct 2008 | title = Commentary: New therapies from old medicines | url = http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v26/n10/pdf/nbt1008-1077.pdf | journal = Nat Biotechnol | volume = 26 | issue = 10| pages = 1077–83 | doi = 10.1038/nbt1008-1077 | pmid = 18846070 | s2cid = 205271440 }}FDA: [https://web.archive.org/web/20111126035427/http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/CentersOffices/OfficeofMedicalProductsandTobacco/CDER/ucm090983.htm What is a Botanical Drug?] (2017-08-14)
• Crofelemer (Mytesi), approved by the FDA in 2012, an extract of "dragon's blood" sap of the Croton lechleri plant, for diarrhea in people with HIV/AIDS
• Nabiximols (USAN,United States Adopted Names Council: [http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/365/nabiximols.pdf Statement on a nonproprietary name] trade name Sativex) is a specific extract of Cannabis approved as a botanical drug in the United Kingdom as a mouth spray for people with multiple sclerosis, who can use it to alleviate neuropathic pain, spasticity, overactive bladder, and other symptoms; it was developed by the UK company GW PharmaceuticalsMultiple Sclerosis Trust. October 2014 [http://www.mstrust.org.uk/information/publications/factsheets/sativex.jsp Sativex (nabiximols) - factsheet]
• Menerba is a botanical drug candidate consisting of 22 herbs that have been used historically in traditional Chinese medicine{{cite journal |pmid=19337958 |year=2009 |last1=Stovall |first1=DW |last2=Pinkerton |first2=JV |title=MF-101, an estrogen receptor beta agonist for the treatment of vasomotor symptoms in peri- and postmenopausal women |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=365–71 |journal=Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs}} that act as a selective estrogen receptor modulator.{{cite journal |pages=458–65 |doi=10.1097/gme.0b013e31818e64dd |title=MF101, a selective estrogen receptor β modulator for the treatment of menopausal hot flushes |year=2009 |last1=Grady |first1=Deborah |last2=Sawaya |first2=George F. |last3=Johnson |first3=Karen C. |last4=Koltun |first4=William |last5=Hess |first5=Rachel |last6=Vittinghoff |first6=Eric |last7=Kristof |first7=Margaret |last8=Tagliaferri |first8=Mary |last9=Cohen |first9=Isaac |last10=Ensrud |first10=Kristine E. |journal=Menopause |volume=16 |issue=3 |pmid=19182698|s2cid=31985236 |display-authors=8 }} As of 2015 the FDA had approved Bionovo's chemical manufacturing and controlsBionovo press release, September 23, 2010 [http://bionovo.com/investors/pr/MjAxMDA5MjMwODAw FDA Approves Manufacturing Plan for Menerba, Bionovo's Menopausal Hot Flash Drug Candidate] and Menerba was in a Phase III clinical trial as a potential treatment to relieve hot flashes associated with menopause.Bionovo. [http://bionovo.com/pipeline/menerba Menerba page at Bionovo] Page accessed May 2, 2015

As of 2012, the pharmaceutical industry had expressed strong interest in developing botanical drugs, with more than 500 applications pending at the FDA.Daryl Loo for Bloomberg News. December 11, 2012 [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-12-11/ancient-chinese-cures-seen-helping-drug-maker-pipelines Ancient Chinese Cures Seen Helping Drugmaker Pipelines] Part of the interest stems from a desire to address the Chinese market, where herbal medicines remain widely used and had $13 billion in sales in 2011.

{{reflist}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090709215113/http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AboutFDA/ReportsManualsForms/StaffPoliciesandProcedures/ucm079939.pdf FDA Policy And Procedures: Office Of Pharmaceutical Science. Review Of Botanical Drug Products]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20111125041438/http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/CentersOffices/OfficeofMedicalProductsandTobacco/CDER/ucm090946.htm Botanical Review Team (BRT) at the FDA]

Category:Drugs

Category:Pharmaceutical industry