boundary-work

The original use of the term "boundary-work" for these sorts of issues has been attributed to Thomas F. Gieryn,{{cite book|last1=Gieryn|first1=Thomas F.|title=Cultural Boundaries of Science|date=1999|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-226-29262-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturalboundari0000gier/page/27 27]|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalboundari0000gier/page/27}} a sociologist, who initially used it to discuss the problem of demarcation, the philosophical difficulty of coming up with a rigorous delineation between what is "science" and what is "non-science".In 1999 Gieryn (1999a, p.5) stated that the “boundary” concept he introduced in his 1983 paper had been suggested by a presentation by Steve Woolgar to a meeting of the Society for the Social Studies of Science in November 1981. He attributed the mature development of his ideas to the influences of (in order of publication) Geertz (1973), Serres, (1982), Geertz (1983), Gilbert and Mulkay (1984), Shapin and Schaffer (1985), Yearley (1988), Holmquest (1990), Reichert (1992), Abbot (1995), Silber (1995), McOmber (1996), Taylor (1996), Kerr, Cunningham-Burley, and Amos (1997), and Wolfe (1997).

Gieryn defined boundary-work as the "attribution of selected characteristics to [an] institution of science (i.e., to its practitioners, methods, stock of knowledge, values and work organization) for purposes of constructing a social boundary that distinguishes some intellectual activities as [outside that boundary]."{{cite journal|last1=Gieryn|first1=Thomas|title=Boundary-work and the demarcation of science from non-science: Strains and interests in professional ideologies of scientists|journal=American Sociological Review|date=1983|volume=48|issue=6|pages=781–795|url=http://www3.nd.edu/~sskiles/boundaries/Gieryn%201983.pdf|doi=10.2307/2095325|jstor=2095325|access-date=2015-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127105124/http://www3.nd.edu/~sskiles/boundaries/Gieryn%201983.pdf|archive-date=2016-01-27|url-status=dead}} Gieryn suggests that Philosophers and sociologists of science, such as Karl Popper and Robert K. Merton, long struggled to come up with a criterion which would distinguish science as unique from other knowledge-generating activities, but never were able to come up with one that was stable, transhistorical, or worked reliably.

Gieryn's 1983 article on boundary-work and demarcation highlighted that the conversations surrounding the distinction between science and non-science were "ideological"; that there were strong stakes for scientists to erect such boundaries both in arguing for their own objectivity and the need for autonomy.

Gieryn looked specifically at instances of boundary-work in 19th-century Britain, in which scientists attempted to characterize the relationship between religion and science as one of sharp distinction,See, in particular, Gieryn, T.F., "John Tyndall's Double Boundary-Work: Science, Religion, and Mechanics in Victorian England", pp.37-64 in Gieryn, T.F., Cultural Boundaries of Science: Credibility on the Line, University of Chicago Press, (Chicago), 1999. and also looked at instances in which scientists attempted to argue that science and politics and/or ideology were inherently separate as well. Many other works{{which|date=August 2013}} by sociologists and historians have since looked at boundary-work in many other situations, usually focusing on the rhetoric of scientists (or their opponents) and their interpersonal and intersocial interactions.

Studies in boundary-work have also focused on how individual scientific disciplines are created.See, for example, Yeates (2013), esp. pp.93-101, and 309-349; (2018a), pp.6-9, 24-29, and 43-44; (2018b), pp.80-81, and 90-91; (2018c), pp.145-147, and 152-154; and (2018d), pp.190-191, 196-197, and 200, for an account of the extended boundary-work performed by James Braid in relation to the creation of the domain of hypnotism. Following the work of Pierre Bourdieu on the "scientific field", many have looked at ways in which certain "objects" are able to bridge the erected boundaries because they satisfy the needs of multiple social groups (boundary objects).

An example of such boundary-work can be found in the study of science and literature. One instance of these studies is Aldous Huxley's book Literature and Science (see also Jennings 1970{{cite book |editor-first=Edward M. |editor-last=Jennings |year=1970 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtFCAAAAIAAJ |title=Science and Literature: New Lenses for Criticism |publisher=Anchor Books}} and Garvin & Heath 1983{{cite book |first1=Harry Raphael |last1=Garvin |first2=James M. |last2=Heath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PUlhiPtQxJgC |title=Science and Literature |publisher=Bucknell University Press |year=1983|isbn=978-0-8387-5051-3 }}).

File:Boundary work and market boundaries in boardsports.jpg

Another application of boundary-work is in the field of management and business studies, particularly in the study of the overlaps and demarcations between market categories.{{Cite journal |last1=Durand |first1=Rodolphe |last2=Khaire |first2=Mukti |date=January 2017 |title=Where Do Market Categories Come From and How? Distinguishing Category Creation From Category Emergence |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0149206316669812 |journal=Journal of Management |language=en |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=87–110 |doi=10.1177/0149206316669812 |s2cid=149810891 |issn=0149-2063}} A market categorization problem occurs when two or more products or services are perceived to be similar enough as to become substitutes for each other in satisfying market demand.{{Cite journal |last1=Navis |first1=Chad |last2=Glynn |first2=Mary Ann |date=September 2010 |title=How New Market Categories Emerge: Temporal Dynamics of Legitimacy, Identity, and Entrepreneurship in Satellite Radio, 1990–2005 |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.2189/asqu.2010.55.3.439 |journal=Administrative Science Quarterly |language=en |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=439–471 |doi=10.2189/asqu.2010.55.3.439 |s2cid=154563830 |issn=0001-8392}} In this case, the notion of boundary work can be used to study market boundaries. Researchers have used the notion of boundary-work to study demarcations among partially-overlapping consumer practices, such as boardsport variations (e.g, surfing, windsurfing, kiteboarding and standup paddleboarding), which started as close variations of each other but that, over time, diverged into distinct markets characterized by their own norms, market actors, rules, and gear.{{Cite journal |last1=Diaz Ruiz |first1=Carlos |last2=Makkar |first2=Marian |date=January 2021 |title=Market bifurcations in board sports: How consumers shape markets through boundary work |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0148296320305555 |journal=Journal of Business Research |language=en |volume=122 |pages=38–50 |doi=10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.08.039|s2cid=224993317 }}

Another example of boundary-work occurred when individual scientists and scientific institutions published statements responding to the allegations of scientific fraud during the "Climategate" episode.{{sfn|Ramírez-i-Ollé| 2015}}

• {{annotated link|Conflict thesis}}
• {{annotated link|Demarcation problem}}
• {{annotated link|Karl Popper}}
• {{annotated link|Science wars}}
• {{annotated link|Trading zones}}

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{{refend}}

{{Science and technology studies|state=collapsed}}

Category:Philosophy of science

Category:Sociology of science

Category:Science studies