bourne shell

File:Version 7 UNIX SIMH PDP11 Bourne Shell Manual.png: the original Bourne shell manual page. PDP-11 simulation with SIMH]]

Work on the Bourne shell initially started in 1976.https://www.bsdcan.org/2015/schedule/events/612.en.html Stephen Bourne Keynote for BSDCan 2015 Developed by Stephen Bourne at Bell Labs, it was a replacement for the Thompson shell, whose executable file had the same name—sh. The Bourne shell was also preceded by the Mashey shell. Bourne was released in 1979 in the Version 7 Unix release distributed to colleges and universities. Although it is used as an interactive command interpreter, it was also intended as a scripting language and contains most of the features that are commonly considered to produce structured programs.

It gained popularity with the publication of The Unix Programming Environment by Brian Kernighan and Rob Pike—the first commercially published book that presented the shell as a programming language in a tutorial form.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

Some of the primary goals of the shell were:{{cite web|url=http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/279011/-z_programming_languages_bourne_shell_sh|title=The A-Z of Programming Languages: Bourne shell, or sh|website=computerworld.com.au|access-date=6 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111203059/http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/279011/-z_programming_languages_bourne_shell_sh|archive-date=11 January 2010|url-status=dead}}

• To allow shell scripts to be used as filters.
• To provide programmability including control flow and variables.
• Control over all input/output file descriptors.
• Control over signal handling within scripts.
• No limits on string lengths when interpreting shell scripts.
• Rationalize and generalize string quoting mechanism.
• The environment mechanism. This allowed context to be established at startup and provided a way for shell scripts to pass context to sub scripts (processes) without having to use explicit positional parameters.

Features of the Version 7 UNIX Bourne shell include:

• Scripts can be invoked as commands by using their filename
• May be used interactively or non-interactively
• Allows both synchronous and asynchronous execution of commands
• Supports input and output redirection and pipelines
• Provides a set of built-in commands
• Provides flow control constructs and quotation facilities.
• Typeless variables
• Provides local and global variable scope
• Scripts do not require compilation before execution
• Does not have a goto facility, so code restructuring may be necessary
• Command substitution using backquotes: `command`.
• Here documents using << to embed a block of input text within a script.
• for ~ do ~ done loops, in particular the use of $* to loop over arguments, as well as for ~ in ~ do ~ done loops for iterating over lists.
• case ~ in ~ esac selection mechanism, primarily intended to assist argument parsing.
• sh provided support for environment variables using keyword parameters and exportable variables.
• Contains strong provisions for controlling input and output and in its expression matching facilities.

The Bourne shell also was the first to feature the convention of using file descriptor 2> for error messages, allowing much greater programmatic control during scripting by keeping error messages separate from data.

Stephen Bourne's coding style was influenced by his experience with the ALGOL 68C compiler{{cite tech report |first1=M. D. |last1=McIlroy |author-link1=Doug McIlroy |year=1987 |url=http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~doug/reader.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504225225/http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~doug/reader.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-04 |url-status=live |title=A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986 |series=CSTR |number=139 |institution=Bell Labs}} that he had been working on at Cambridge University. In addition to the style in which the program was written, Bourne reused portions of ALGOL 68's if ~ then ~ elif ~ then ~ else ~ fi, case ~ in ~ esac and for/while ~ do ~ od" (using done instead of od) clauses in the common Unix Bourne shell syntax. Moreover, – although the v7 shell is written in C – Bourne took advantage of some macros{{Cite web| url=http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V7/usr/src/cmd/sh/mac.h|title=mac.h – Macros used by Bourne to structure C like Algol68C |access-date=9 September 2006|author=Bourne, Steve|author-link=Stephen R. Bourne|date= 12 January 1979 |publisher=AT&T Corporation }} to give the C source code an ALGOL 68 flavor. These macros (along with the finger command distributed in Unix version 4.2BSD) inspired the International Obfuscated C Code Contest (IOCCC).{{Cite web|url=http://www.ioccc.org/faq.html|title=The IOCCC FAQ – Q/A: How did the IOCCC get started?| access-date=9 September 2006|author=Landon Curt Noll|author-link=Landon Curt Noll|author2=Simon Cooper|author3=Peter Seebach|author4=Leonid A. Broukhis|name-list-style=amp|year= 2004|publisher=ioccc.org}}

Over the years, the Bourne shell was enhanced at AT&T. The various variants are thus called like the respective AT&T Unix version it was released with (some important variants being Version7, System III, SVR2, SVR3, SVR4). As the shell was never versioned, the only way to identify it was testing its features.{{cite web|url=http://www.in-ulm.de/~mascheck/various/whatshell/|title=what shell is this|website=www.in-ulm.de}}

Features of the Bourne shell versions since 1979 include:{{cite web|url=http://www.in-ulm.de/~mascheck/bourne/|title=traditional Bourne shell family / history and development|website=www.in-ulm.de}}

• Built-in {{code|test}} command – System III shell (1981)
• # as comment character – System III shell (1981)
• Colon in parameter substitutions "${parameter:=word}" – System III shell (1981)
• {{code|continue}} with argument – System III shell (1981)
• {{code|cat <<-EOF}} for indented here documents – System III shell (1981)
• Functions and the {{code|return}} builtin – SVR2 shell (1984)
• Built-ins {{code|unset}}, {{code|echo}}, {{code|type}} – SVR2 shell (1984)
• Source code de-ALGOL68-ized – SVR2 shell (1984)
• Modern "{{code|$@}}" – SVR3 shell (1986)
• Built-in {{code|getopts}} – SVR3 shell (1986)
• Cleaned up parameter handling allows recursively callable functions – SVR3 shell (1986)
• 8-bit clean – SVR3 shell (1986)
• Job control – SVR4 shell (1989)
• Multi-byte support – SVR4 shell (1989)

Duplex Multi-Environment Real-Time (DMERT) is a hybrid time-sharing/real-time operating system developed in the 1970s at Bell Labs Indian Hill location in Naperville, Illinois uses a 1978 snapshot of Bourne Shell "VERSION sys137 DATE 1978 Oct 12 22:39:57".{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} The DMERT shell runs on 3B21D computers still in use in the telecommunications industry.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

{{Main|Korn shell}}

File:OpenBSD ksh Interaction.png in OpenBSD (default shell)]]

The Korn shell (ksh) written by David Korn based on the original Bourne Shell source code,

{{citation

| title = ksh - An Extensible High Level Language

| last = Korn

| first = David G.

| publisher = USENIX Association

| journal=Proceedings of the USENIX 1994 Very High Level Languages Symposium

| date = 26 October 1994

| url = https://www.usenix.org/legacy/publications/library/proceedings/vhll/full_papers/korn.ksh.a

| quote = Instead of inventing a new script language, we built a form entry system by modifying the Bourne shell, adding built-in commands as necessary.

| access-date = 5 February 2015

}} was a middle road between the Bourne shell and the C shell. Its syntax was chiefly drawn from the Bourne shell, while its job control features resembled those of the C shell. The functionality of the original Korn Shell (known as ksh88 from the year of its introduction) was used as a basis for the POSIX shell standard. A newer version, ksh93, has been open source since 2000 and is used on some Linux distributions. A clone of ksh88 known as pdksh is the default shell in OpenBSD.

Jörg Schilling's Schily-Tools includes three Bourne Shell derivatives.{{cite web |title=Schily Bourne Shell - A modern enhanced and POSIX compliant Bourne Shell source maintained by Jörg Schilling. |url=http://schilytools.sourceforge.net/bosh.html |website=Schily-Tools |access-date=26 May 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927190016/http://schilytools.sourceforge.net/bosh.html |url-status=dead }}

{{Main|C shell}}

Bill Joy, the author of the C shell, criticized the Bourne shell as being unfriendly for interactive use,[http://www.kitebird.com/csh-tcsh-book/csh-intro.pdf An Introduction to the C shell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713012111/http://www.kitebird.com/csh-tcsh-book/csh-intro.pdf |date=13 July 2018 }} by Bill Joy.{{Page needed|date=July 2017}} a task for which Stephen Bourne himself acknowledged C shell's superiority. Bourne stated, however, that his shell was superior for scripting and was available on any Unix system,{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-10/1983_10_BYTE_08-10_UNIX#page/n187/mode/2up | title=The Unix Shell | work=BYTE | date=October 1983 | access-date=30 January 2015 | author=Bourne, Stephen R. | pages=187}} and Tom Christiansen also criticized C shell as being unsuitable for scripting and programming.{{cite web|url=http://www.faqs.org/faqs/unix-faq/shell/csh-whynot/|title=Csh Programming Considered Harmful|author=Tom Christiansen|date=28 September 1995|access-date=17 February 2014}}

{{Main|Almquist shell}}

Due to copyright issues surrounding the Bourne Shell as it was used in historic CSRG BSD releases, Kenneth Almquist developed a clone of the Bourne Shell, known by some as the Almquist shell and available under the BSD license, which is in use today on some BSD descendants and in low-memory situations. The Almquist Shell was ported to Linux, and the port renamed the Debian Almquist shell, or dash. This shell provides faster execution of standard sh (and POSIX-standard sh, in modern descendants) scripts with a smaller memory footprint than its counterpart, Bash. Its use tends to expose bashisms – bash-centric assumptions made in scripts meant to run on sh.

• Bash (the Bourne-Again shell) was developed in 1989 for the GNU project and incorporates features from the Bourne shell, csh, and ksh. It is meant to be POSIX-compliant.
• rc was created at Bell Labs by Tom Duff as a replacement for sh for Version 10 Unix. It is the default shell for Plan 9 from Bell Labs. It has been ported to UNIX as part of Plan 9 from User Space.
• Z shell, developed by Paul Falstad in 1990, is an extended Bourne shell with a large number of improvements, including some features of Bash, ksh, and tcsh.

• Comparison of command shells
• Unix shell

{{Reflist}}

{{External links|section|date=August 2016}}

{{Wikibooks|Bourne Shell Scripting}}

• [http://www.in-ulm.de/~mascheck/bourne/ The individual members of "The Traditional Bourne Shell Family"]
• [http://www.in-ulm.de/~mascheck/bourne/common.html "Characteristical common properties of the traditional Bourne shells"]
• [http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V7/usr/src/cmd/sh Historical C source code for the Bourne shell using mac.h macros from 1979]
• [http://steve-parker.org/sh/bourne.shtml Original Bourne Shell documentation from 1978]
• [http://heirloom.sourceforge.net/sh.html A port of the "heirloom" SVR4 Bourne shell from OpenSolaris to some other Unix-like systems]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20191030202653/http://www.unix.org/whitepapers/shdiffs.html Migrating from the System V (SVR4) Shell to the POSIX Shell]
• [http://www.grymoire.com/Unix/Sh.html Bourne Shell Tutorial (syntax)]
• [http://www.faqs.org/faqs/unix-faq/shell/shell-differences/ Faqs shell differences]
• [http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/279011/-z_programming_languages_bourne_shell_sh?fp=&fpid=&pf=1 Howard Dahdah, The A–Z of Programming Languages: Bourne shell, or sh – An in-depth interview with Steve Bourne, creator of the Bourne shell, or sh], Computerworld, 5 March 2009.

{{Unix Shells}}

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