brachycera
{{Short description|Suborder of flies}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Brachycera
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Callovian|Present}}
| image = Fly June 2009-1.jpg
| image_caption = Tachina praeceps
| taxon = Brachycera
| authority = Zetterstedt 1842
| subdivision_ranks = Infraorders
| subdivision = * Asilomorpha
}}
The Brachycera are a suborder of the order Diptera.{{cite web |title=BRACHYCERA {{!}} 1 Definitions of Brachycera - YourDictionary |url=https://www.yourdictionary.com/brachycera |website=www.yourdictionary.com |publisher=Your Dictionary |access-date=16 October 2020}}{{cite web |title=Suborder Brachycera - Flies (Order: Diptera) - Amateur Entomologists' Society (AES) |url=https://www.amentsoc.org/insects/fact-files/orders/diptera-brachycera.html |website=www.amentsoc.org |publisher=Amateur Entomologists Society |access-date=16 October 2020}} It is a major suborder consisting of around 120 families.{{cite web |title=ITIS Standard Report Page: Brachycera |url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=130052#null |website=www.itis.gov |publisher=Integrated Taxonomic Information System |access-date=16 October 2020}} Their most distinguishing characteristic is reduced antenna segmentation.
Description
A summary of the main physical characteristics is:
- Antenna size (with eight or fewer flagellomeres) is reduced. In many species the third segment, the flagellum, is fused, except from a bristle called the arista that is sticking out from the fused flagellum. The arista consist of no more than three segments called aristomeres.[http://www.studia-dipt.de/con61.htm Volume 6(1) - Studia dipterologica - An annotated bibliography in English of the work of I. A. Rubtsov (1902-1993) on the dipterous family Simuliidae (blackflies)]{{cite journal | pmc=8954472 | year=2022 | last1=Andreani | first1=A. | last2=Belcari | first2=A. | last3=Sacchetti | first3=P. | last4=Romani | first4=R. | title=Antennal Morphology and Fine Structure of Flagellar Sensilla in Hippoboscid Flies with Special Reference to Lipoptena fortisetosa (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) | journal=Insects | volume=13 | issue=3 | page=236 | doi=10.3390/insects13030236 | pmid=35323534 | doi-access=free }}{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UUFk-jIRHcC&dq=arista+typically+composed+of+three+aristomeres&pg=PA81 | title=The Oestrid Flies: Biology, Host-parasite Relationships, Impact and Management | isbn=9780851996844 | last1=Colwell | first1=Douglas D. | last2=Hall | first2=Martin J. R. | last3=Scholl | first3=Philip J. | year=2006 }}
- The maxillary palp (an elongated appendage near the mouth) has two segments or fewer.
- The back portions of the larval head capsule extend into the prothorax (the anterior part of the thorax, which bears the first pair of legs).
- Two distinct parts make up of the larval mandible (lower jaw).
- The epandrium and hypandrium of the genitalia are separated in males.
- No premandible is present on the lower surface of the labrum (the roof of the mouth).
- The configuration of the CuA2 and A1 wing veins is distinct.
Brachyceran flies can also be distinguished through behavior. Many of the species are predators or scavengers.
Classification
The structure of subgroups within the Brachycera is a source of much confusion and controversy; many of the names used historically (e.g., Orthorrhapha) have not been used in decades, but still persist in textbooks, checklists, faunal catalogs, and other sources. Additionally, most recent classifications no longer use the Linnaean ranks for taxa (e.g., the Tree of Life Web Project), and this creates its own set of problems.
See also
External links
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikispecies}}
- [http://www.tolweb.org/Brachycera/10500 The Tree of Life Web Project: Brachycera]
- [http://www.tolweb.org/onlinecontributors/app?page=ImageGallery&service=external&sp=l10500 Brachycera images]
References
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Diptera|2}}
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