broccoli sprouts
History
While health-conscious people in the 1970s embraced raw sprouts as a dietary staple, it was not until the 1990s that broccoli sprouts entered the mainstream. A 1997 discovery about high levels of glucoraphanin in broccoli sprouts was written about in a New York Times article,{{cite web|last=Angier |first=Natalie |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/16/us/researchers-find-a-concentrated-anticancer-substance-in-broccoli-sprouts.html |title=Researchers Find a Concentrated Anticancer Substance in Broccoli Sprouts – The |work=New York Times |date=1997-09-16 |access-date=2009-11-16}} and created a global shortage of broccoli seed that could not meet the sudden high demand.
Glucosinolate and sulforaphane
{{further|sulforaphane}}
Broccoli sprouts are rich in sulforaphane. Although there has been some basic research on how sulforaphane might exert beneficial effects in vivo, there is no high-quality evidence for its efficacy against human diseases.{{cite web |title=Isothiocyanates |url=https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/isothiocyanates |publisher=Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University |access-date=19 November 2018 |date=March 2017}}{{cite journal|last1=van Die|first1=MD|last2=Bone|first2=KM|last3=Emery|first3=J|last4=Williams|first4=SG|last5=Pirotta|first5=MV|last6=Paller|first6=CJ|title=Phytotherapeutic interventions in the management of biochemically recurrent prostate cancer: a systematic review of randomised trials|journal=BJU Int.|date=April 2016|volume=117|issue=S4|pages=17–34|doi=10.1111/bju.13361|pmid=26898239|pmc=8631186 |doi-access=free}}
Broccoli sprouts also contain a particular glucosinolate compound, glucoraphanin, which is found in vacuoles within the cytoplasm of the plant cell.{{cn|date=March 2020}}
Availability and types
Broccoli sprouts are available in health foods stores and some grocery stores in most of the developed world and other countries. Broccoli seeds are available for home growing. One can sprout broccoli seeds using a jar{{Cite web|title=Sprouts Growing Information: How to Germinate, Care for & Harvest|url=https://www.johnnyseeds.com/growers-library/vegetables/sprouts/sprouts-key-growing-information.html|access-date=2020-09-04|website=www.johnnyseeds.com}} or a commercial sprouting kit. Broccoli sprout powders and capsules are also available. However, many of these products are produced from myrosinase-inactive sprout or seed extracts.{{fact|date=March 2017}} It is difficult, if not impossible, for the consumer to identify which products contain both the essential precursor glucoraphanin as well as the active myrosinase enzyme. With a myrosinase-inactive product, an individual may not convert any of the glucoraphanin to sulforaphane. Because so little is known about the role of human gut microflora at this stage, reliance on the gut microflora with its wide variability could pose a significant limitation on the achievement of a biochemical response.
Sprout safety
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued suggested protocols{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/draft-guidance-industry-reducing-microbial-food-safety-hazards-production-seed-sprouting|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906011918/https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/draft-guidance-industry-reducing-microbial-food-safety-hazards-production-seed-sprouting|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 6, 2019|title=Draft Guidance for Industry: Reducing Microbial Food Safety Hazards in the Production of Seed for Sprouting|work=fda.gov|date=13 May 2022 }} recommending commercially grown sprout seeds be soaked and sterilized with 20,000 PPM calcium hypochlorite prior to sprouting.
A study published in Nutrition Journal quantifies the effectiveness of sprout safety programs.{{cite journal |vauthors=Fahey JW, Ourisson PJ, Degnan FH |title=Pathogen detection, testing, and control in fresh broccoli sprouts |journal=Nutr J |volume=5 |pages=13 |year=2006 |pmid=16630354 |pmc=1523358 |doi=10.1186/1475-2891-5-13 |doi-access=free }}