bufotalin

Rhinella marina (Cane toad), Rhaebo guttatus (Smooth-sided toad), Bufo melanostictus (Asian toad), and Bufo bufo (common European toad) are sources of bufotalin.{{cite journal|last=Ferreira|first=PM |author2=Lima, DJ |author3=Debiasi, BW |author4=Soares, BM |author5=Machado Kda, C |author6=Noronha Jda, C |author7=Rodrigues Dde, J |author8=Sinhorin, AP |author9=Pessoa, C |author10=Vieira GM, Jr |title=Antiproliferative activity of Rhinella marina and Rhaebo guttatus venom extracts from Southern Amazon.|journal=Toxicon|date=September 2013|volume=72|pages=43–51|doi=10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.06.009|pmid=23796725|doi-access=free }}

Bufotalin is part of Ch'an Su, a traditional Chinese medicine used for cancer. It is also known as Venenum Bufonis or senso (Japanese).{{cite journal|last=Zhang|first=DM|author2=Liu, JS |author3=Tang, MK |author4=Yiu, A |author5=Cao, HH |author6=Jiang, L |author7=Chan, JY |author8=Tian, HY |author9=Fung, KP |author10= Ye, WC |title=Bufotalin from Venenum Bufonis inhibits growth of multidrug resistant HepG2 cells through G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.|journal=European Journal of Pharmacology|date=October 2012|volume=692|issue=1–3|pages=19–28|doi=10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.06.045|pmid=22841670}}

Specifically, in cats the lethal median dose is 0.13 mg/kg."Datasheet: Bufotalin sc-202509" Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.http://datasheets.scbt.com/sc-202509.pdf and in dogs is 0.36 mg/kg (intravenous).

Knowing this it is advisable to monitor those functions continuously using an EKG. As there is no antidote against bufotalin all occurring symptoms need to be treated separately or if possible in combination with others. To increase the clearance theoretically, due to the similarities with digitoxin, cholestyramine, a bile salt, might help.{{cite web|title=Toad Toxins|author=Spoerke, DG|url=http://www.erowid.org/animals/toads/toads_health1.shtml|date=November 1986}} Recent animal studies have shown that taurine restores cardiac functions.{{cite journal|last=Ma|first=Hongyue|author2=Jiang, J |author3=Zhang, J |author4=Zhou, J |author5=Ding, A |author6=Lv, G |author7=Xu, H |author8=You, F |author9=Zhan, Z |author10= Duan, J |title=Protective effect of taurine on cardiotoxicity of the bufadienolides derived from toad (Bufo bufo gargarizans Canto) venom in guinea-pigs in vivo and in vitro|journal=Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods|date=January 2012|volume=22|issue=1|pages=1–8|doi=10.3109/15376516.2011.583295|pmid=22150009|s2cid=7187045}}

Symptomatic measures include lignocaine, atropine and phenytoin for cardiac toxicity and intravenous potassium compounds to correct hyperkalaemia from its effect on the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump.

After a single intravenous injection, bufotalin gets quickly distributed and eliminated from the blood plasma with a half-time of 28.6 minutes and a MRT of 14.7 min. After 30 minutes after an administration of bufotalin, the concentrations within the brain and lungs are significantly higher than those in blood and other tissues.{{cite journal|last=Yu|first=CL|author2=Hou, HM|title=Plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of bufotalin in mice following single-bolus injection and constant-rate infusion of bufotalin solution|journal=European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics|date=25 December 2010|volume=35|issue=3–4|pages=115–121|doi=10.1007/s13318-010-0017-6|pmid=21302038|s2cid=27185931}} It also increases cancer cell's susceptibility to apoptosis via TNF-α signalling by the BH3 interacting domain death agonist and STAT proteins.{{cite journal|last=Waiwut|first=P|author2=Inujima, A |author3=Inoue, H |author4=Saiki, I |author5= Sakurai, H |title=Bufotalin sensitizes death receptor-induced apoptosis via Bid- and STAT1-dependent pathways.|journal=International Journal of Oncology|date=January 2012|volume=40|issue=1|pages=203–8|doi=10.3892/ijo.2011.1182|pmid=21887462|url=http://www.spandidos-publications.com/ijo/40/1/203/download|format=PDF|doi-access=free}}

Bufotalin induces apoptosis in vitro in human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep 3B cells and might involve caspases and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF).{{cite journal|last=Su|first=CL|author2=Lin, TY |author3=Lin, CN |author4= Won, SJ |title=Involvement of Caspases and Apoptosis-Inducing Factor in Bufotalin-Induced Apoptosis of Hep 3B Cells|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|date=14 January 2009|volume=57|issue=1|pages=55–61|doi=10.1021/jf802769g|pmid=19055367}} The use of bufotalin as a cancer treating compound is still in the experimental phase. It also arrests cell cycle at G(2)/M, by up- and down- regulation of several enzymes.

The mechanism of the biotransformation of bufotalin is still unknown. Researches found, that bufotalin is biotransformed into at least 5 different compounds.{{cite journal|last=Zhang|first=X|author2=Ye, M |author3=Dong, YH |author4=Hu, HB |author5=Tao, SJ |author6=Yin, J |author7= Guo, DA |title=Biotransformation of bufadienolides by cell suspension cultures of Saussurea involucrata.|journal=Phytochemistry|date=October 2011|volume=72|issue=14–15|pages=1779–85|doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.05.004|pmid=21636103|bibcode=2011PChem..72.1779Z }}

File:Biotransformation products of bufotalin.JPG

If bufotalin is esterified with suberyl arginine, the bufotalin-like steroid bufotoxin is obtained.{{cite book|last=Müller-Schwarze|first=D|title=Chemical ecology of vertebrates|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0521363778|page=255}}

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{{Toxins}}

{{Cardiac glycosides}}

Category:Amphibian toxins

Category:Bufanolides

Category:Acetate esters