burnt mound

The shattered rock fragments are thought to be the remains of stones heated in fires, which were used to heat water. The shattering of the rock appears to have been the result of thermal shock when the heated stones were dropped into liquid, normally believed to be water.

The mound is assumed to result from the periodic clearing out of the trough, with the stone fragments and charcoal being cast up into a mound. The mound is frequently a crescent shape, which is seen as being the result of the upcast.

There has been considerable debate about the time required to create the mounds. Some interpretations posit the rapid accumulation of material, as a trough was used intensively and very frequently; others suggest a slower accumulation, where the trough was used occasionally over a long period of time. One thesis is that mounds were created at hunting sites; this explanation would most likely result in the latter pattern of accumulation, while the former would suggest that the use of the trough was for an essentially domestic purpose.

The vast majority of burnt mounds are found in the uplands of Great Britain, and in Ireland where they are called fulachtaí fia. Recognised from the nineteenth century onward, they attracted little significant interest until the 1980s.{{cite journal

| first = L H

| last = Barfield

|author2=Hodder, M A

| title = Burnt mounds as saunas, and the prehistory of bathing

| journal = Antiquity

| volume = 61

| pages = 370–379

| year = 1987| issue = 233

| doi = 10.1017/S0003598X00072926

| s2cid = 163713699

}}{{cite journal

| first = Diarmuid A

| last = O Drisceoil

| title = Fulachta fiadh: the value of early Irish literature

| journal = Burnt Offerings (Ed) Victor Buckley

| pages = 157–164

| year = 1990

| isbn = 1-869857-07-0}} In Ireland they are often found in low-lying ground close to water. In Britain, they appeared to have a distribution pattern confined to the higher ground. However, this may be illusory, as examples have been found at lower altitudes during linear route excavations. The reason that they had not been recognised before was that the mounds have been ploughed out, although the trough may partially survive and there will be layers of the burnt mound material surviving as a spread of material.{{cite journal

| first1 = Iain

| last1 = Banks

| title = Investigating burnt mounds in Clydesdale & Annandale during motorway construction

| journal = Glasgow Archaeological Journal

| volume = 21

| pages = 1–28

| date = 1998–99

| doi = 10.3366/gas.1998.21.21.1

| last2 = Dickson

| first2 = Camilla

| last3 = Downes

| first3 = Jane

| last4 = Robins

| first4 = Paul

| last5 = Sanderson

| first5 = David

| issue = 21}} The mixture of burnt and shattered rock with charcoal, labelled as burnt mound material, is found on occasion without the trough. There are settlement sites on Orkney, where the burnt mound material is found as thick layers{{cite journal

| first = John

| last = Barber

| title = Burnt mound material on settlement sites in Scotland

| journal = Burnt Offerings (Ed) Victor Buckley

| pages = 92–97

| year = 1990

| isbn = 1-869857-07-0}}

, but there is no trough to explain the shattering of the rocks.

The upland bias in distribution in Great Britain has led to a suggestion that they were cooking sites for hunting parties, and there are images from Medieval Irish texts that appear to show this. The burnt mounds are always adjacent to water courses, and there can be several instances along the same burn or stream.

The implication found in many accounts of burnt mounds gives the impression that they are found in Ireland and Scotland, but they also are found in Wales and in England. The Welsh examples tend to be upland and rural,{{cite journal

| title = Welsh Contributions

| journal = Burnt Offerings

| pages = 117–140

| year = 1990

| isbn = 1-869857-07-0}} as are many of the English ones, but there are also many found in the lowlying English Midlands.

Burnt mound material has also been found elsewhere in northwestern Europe, such as in Sweden {{cite journal

| first = Thomas B

| last = Larsson

| title = Skärvstenhögar - the burnt mounds of Sweden

| journal = Burnt Offerings (Ed) Victor Buckley

| pages = 142–153

| year = 1990

| isbn = 1-869857-07-0}}

and Switzerland.{{cite journal

| first = D

| last = Ramseyer

| title = Bronze and Iron Age cooking ovens in Switzerland

| journal = Burnt Mounds & Hot Stone Technology

| pages = 71–91

| year = 1991}}

It is not necessarily the case that all burnt mound material must have been created for the same purposes, and it would be a mistake to seek a single explanation for all the examples of burnt mounds and burnt mound material. Similar material has been produced all over the world{{cite journal

| first = N R

| last = Campling

| title = An earth oven from British Columbia, Canada

| journal = Burnt Mounds & Hot Stone Technology

| pages = 93–95

| year = 1991}}

, and there may be a range of explanations.{{cite journal

| first = Declan

| last = Hurl

| title = An anthropologist's tale

| journal = Burnt Offerings (Ed) Victor Buckley

| pages = 154–156

| year = 1990

| isbn = 1-869857-07-0}}

Barfield & Hodder interpreted burnt mounds as possibly places for bathing in heated water or steam, based on their discoveries of structures that could have involved tents and broken stones next to streams in the Birmingham area.*[http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/Media/Moseley%20Bog%20handout.pdf?MEDIA_ID=70278&FILENAME=Moseley%20Bog%20handout.pdf&NOCACHE=TRUE Birmingham City Council leaflet by planning archaeologist] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306181136/http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/Media/Moseley%20Bog%20handout.pdf?MEDIA_ID=70278&FILENAME=Moseley%20Bog%20handout.pdf&NOCACHE=TRUE |date=March 6, 2007 }}{{Cite web|url=https://www.archaeology.co.uk/articles/new-discoveries-in-sutton-park.htm|title = New discoveries in Sutton Park|date = 6 December 2019}} One example is in Moseley Bog where experiments were made in the late 1990s to assess the plausibility of the sauna hypothesis. A related thesis is that the hot stones were used to heat water in a large, rectangular pit lined with large, flat stones, and that the hot water could then be used for a variety of purposes - bathing being just one option.

Burnt mounds are also hypothesized to have been used as cooking sites. There are descriptions of the use of such places for cooking in some of the early Medieval tales, although the historicity of these accounts is open to question. The process has been found to work; experiments were carried out in Ireland in the 1950s to show that a joint of meat could be fully cooked in about three to four hours through this method.{{cite journal

| first = Michael J

| last = O'Kelly

| title = Excavations and experiments in ancient Irish cooking-places

| journal = Trans Royal Ir Acad

| volume = 18

| pages = 105–155

| year = 1954}}

However no burnt mounds have been found with any direct evidence of cooking. Bone is rarely if ever reported from burnt mound sites, which would be unusual for a cooking site. This has been explained as the result of the soils being too acidic for the bone to be preserved, but it would be unlikely that all of the soils relating to burnt mounds were so acidic that no bone survived, particularly as the pH of the soil will vary considerably from site to site, and there are also examples of burnt mounds that have been recorded on neutral or basic soils, without bone being apparent in the burnt mound material,{{cite journal

| first = L H

| last = Barfield

| title = Hot stones: hot food or hot baths?

| journal = Burnt Mounds & Hot Stone Technology (Ed) Hodder, M A & Barfield, L H

| pages = 59–67

| year = 1991}} In addition some mounds occur in places which are believed to have never been inhabited,{{Cite web|url=https://www.archaeology.co.uk/articles/new-discoveries-in-sutton-park.htm|title = New discoveries in Sutton Park|date = 6 December 2019}} but this may be explained as cooking by hunting parties or those who were outlawed from living near permanent settlements.Nagy, Joseph Falaky (1985). The Wisdom of the Outlaw - The Boyhood Deeds of Finn in Gaelic Narrative Tradition. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Several other purposes have been suggested. A possible non-domestic purpose is salt production. More domestic purpose suggestions are heating water for bathing, dyeing or leather treatment, fulling, and the making of ale.Fulacht_fiadh#Function

• Fulacht fiadh

{{Reflist}}

;Academic books

{{Refbegin}}

• {{cite book |title= Burnt Mounds in Northern and Western Europe: A study of prehistoric technology and society |last= Ó'Néill, John |year= 2009 |publisher=VDM Verlag Dr. Müller |isbn=978-3-639-20609-8 |ref=O'Ne09}}

{{Refend}}

;Academic articles

{{Refbegin}}

• {{cite journal |author1=Barfield, Lawrence |author2=Hodder, Mike |name-list-style=amp |year=1987 |title=Burnt mounds as saunas, and the prehistory of bathing |url=http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/061/Ant0610370.htm |journal=Antiquity |volume=61 |issue=233 |publisher=The Antiquity Trust |pages=370–379 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00072926 |s2cid=163713699 |ref=Bar87 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121223083549/http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/061/Ant0610370.htm |archive-date=2012-12-23 |url-access=subscription }}
• {{cite journal |last=Chapple, Robert M. |year=2007 |title=The excavation of a burnt mound at Ballywilliam, County Down |url=https://independent.academia.edu/RobertMChapple/Papers/389676/The_excavation_of_a_burnt_mound_at_Ballywilliam_county_Down |journal=Ulster Journal of Archaeology |volume=66 |pages=21–38 |ref=Cha07}}

{{Refend}}

• [http://www.mtsu.edu/~kesmith/TNARCHNET/Pubs/fcr.html Tennessee Archaeology Net Bibliography Page - FCR (Fire-Cracked Rock) Bibliography]
• [https://www.birmingham.gov.uk/info/50064/birminghams_archaeology/972/birmingham_3000_years_ago Prehistoric Birmingham - 3000 years old Burnt Mounds]
• [https://www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1020541 Burnt mound in Fox Hollies Park, Birmingham]
• [https://www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1020540 Burnt mounds in Woodlands Park, Birmingham]
• [https://www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1020542 Burnt mounds at Moseley Bog, Birmingham]

{{Prehistoric technology| state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Burnt Mound}}

Category:Archaeological features

Category:Mounds