byfoged
{{Short description|Former Danish and Norwegian municipal officer}}
The {{Lang|da|byfoged}} was a Danish and Norwegian municipal officer. The title is sometimes translated as 'bailiff', 'magistrate', or 'stipendiary magistrate'.
History
The {{Lang|da|byfoged}} was originally the king's representative in the local community, dating back to the 13th century.{{Cite web |last=Jørgensen |first=Jens Ulf |title=byfoged |url=https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/byfoged |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Den Store Danske |date=March 2023 |language=da}} In Norway, the title dates back to 1337, in Bergen.{{Cite book |title=Norsk historisk leksikon |publisher=Cappelen Damm |year=2004 |edition=2nd |language=no |chapter=Byfogder |chapter-url=https://lokalhistoriewiki.no/wiki/Leksikon:Byfogder |via=lokalhistoriewiki.no}}
In the 16th century, he became the head of the town court ({{Ill|Byting|lt=byting|da}}) and began to act as a judge. In the 17th century, he began to be appointed by the king;{{Cite book |title=Salmonsens konversationleksikon |publisher=J. H. Schultz Forlagsboghandel |year=1916 |edition=2nd |volume=IV |location=Copenhagen |pages=303–304 |language=da |chapter=Byfoged |chapter-url=https://runeberg.org/salmonsen/2/4/0333.html |via=Project Runeberg}} at the same time, in market towns, the magistrate and the {{Lang|da|byfoged}} were jointly responsible for administration and the administration of justice. The office was usually held by a respected member of the merchant class, and he was often a member of the magistrate, both before and after his time as {{Lang|da|foged}}. Gradually, most of the town's administrative functions were brought together in the office, and during the 18th century he became the first professional civil servant in the local community.
His functions were many and varied: He was a judge in both the city court and the {{Ill|Fogedret|lt=fogedret|da}} (bailiff's court), he was an auctioneer, in charge of estate administration and land registration, and from 1701 he acted as chief of police and in many cases also as both magistrate and town council chairman.
In 1736 a decree was issued requiring judges to undergo a legal examination, but this was slow to take hold, as the king often chose on the recommendation of the diocesan magistrate ({{Lang|da|stiftamtmanden}}), who often took local considerations into account. The diocesan magistrate also supervised the lower courts.
Before 1919, the {{Lang|da|herredsfoged}} (hundred bailiff) was both police chief and judge. If there was a market town in the judicial district, the {{Lang|da|herredsfoged}} was also the mayor of the town (from 1868 to 1919), elected by the king. During this period, the {{Lang|da|herredsfoged}} thus performed the functions previously performed by the {{Lang|da|byfoged}}.
References
= Notes =
{{Reflist}}
= Sources =
- {{Cite book |last=Knudsen |first=Pernille Ulla |title=Retshistorie 2000 |publisher=Jurist og Økonomforbundets forlag |year=2000 |isbn=9788757403336 |location=Copenhagen |chapter=Fra Bedsteborger til professionel}}
- {{Cite book |title=Håndbog for danske lokalhistorikere |publisher=Dansk historisk fællesforening |editor-last=Hvidtfeldt |editor-first=Johan |language=da}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Historical law enforcement occupations
Category:Economic history of Denmark
Category:Economic history of Norway