caipira dialect

The formation of the caipira dialect began with the arrival of the Portuguese in São Vicente in the sixteenth century. Ongoing research points to several influences, such as Galician-Portuguese, represented in some archaic aspects of the dialect, and the língua geral paulista, a Tupian Portuguese-like creole codified by the Jesuits.Ataliba T. de Castilho (Org. 2007). História do Português Paulista. Série Estudos - Vol. I. São Paulo: Setor de Publicações do IEL / Unicamp The westward colonial expansion by the Bandeirantes expedition spread the dialect throughout a dialectal and cultural continuum called PaulistaniaRibeiro, Darcy. Os Brasileiros in the provinces of São Paulo, Mato Grosso (later, Mato Grosso do Sul and Rondônia), Goiás, Federal District, and Minas Gerais.

In the 1920s, the scholar Amadeu Amaral published a grammar and predicted the imminent death of the Caipira dialect, caused by urbanization and the coming wave of mass immigration resulting from the monoculture of coffee.Amaral, Amadeu . O Dialeto Caipira. São Paulo: Casa Editora "O livro", 1920. However, the dialect survived in rural subculture, with music, folk stories (causos), and a substratum in city-dwellers' speech, recorded by folklorists and linguists, although some Caipira variants were already heard by the 1790s to 1890s.

Although the caipira accent originated in the state of São Paulo, the middle and upper class sociolect of the state capital is now a very different variety closer to standard Portuguese but with some Italian-influenced elements, and working-class paulistanos may sound somewhat like caipira to people of other parts of Brazil, such as Bahia and Rio de Janeiro. Caipira is spoken mostly in the countryside{{Cite web |title=Caipira |url=https://www.dicio.com.br/caipira/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Dicio, Dicionário Online de Português |language=pt-br}}

See the dedicated article on the topic of prestige.

Linguistic bias or preconceito linguistico is a theme that gained relevancy in the discussion of Brazilian Portuguese by Brazilian linguists, perhaps because of the work "Preconceito linguístico: o que é, como se faz" by Marcos Bagno, the same author describes it as a subtype of social bias since according to him, it attacks the people speaking in a specific manner and not the manner itself, Aldo Bizzocchi, linguist who owns the blog Diário de um linguista (Diary of a linguist) and the YouTube channel Planetalingua (Planet-suffix associated with languages, "The world of languages"), that perceives any sort of bias towards ethic, LGBT, gender identities and biological sexes while understanding it as resource that has the capacity of save lives, as the byproduct of ignorancy{{Cite web |last=Bizzochi |first=Aldo |date= 23 December 2015|title=QUEM SOU EU |trans-title=WHO AM I |url=https://diariodeumlinguista.com/quem-sou-eu-4/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806154356/https://diariodeumlinguista.com/quem-sou-eu-4/ |archive-date=2020-08-06 |website=diariodeumlinguista.com |language=pt-BR}}{{Cite web |last=Bizzocchi |first=Aldo |title=Aldo Bizzocchi Oficial |url=http://www.aldobizzocchi.com.br/ |website=www.aldobizzocchi.com.br}} says that this discrimination based on dialectal variation can be seen even in some seemingly innocent scenarios like in Brazilian comedy where Caipiras but also Nordestinos (Northeastener (in Brazil)), which are also people with "weird accents" (Nordestino dialect) are always comedic entities{{Cite web |last=Bizzochi |first=Aldo |date=2020-10-21 |title=O preconceito linguístico é um problema dos linguistas? |trans-title=Is linguistic prejudice a problem for linguists? |url=https://diariodeumlinguista.com/2020/10/21/o-preconceito-linguistico-e-um-problema-dos-linguistas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101070006/https://diariodeumlinguista.com/2020/10/21/o-preconceito-linguistico-e-um-problema-dos-linguistas/ |archive-date=2020-11-01 |website=diariodeumlinguista.com |language=pt-BR}}

Representation of this level of prestige of Caipira can be seen in Chico Bento, some characters sometimes show some unacceptability towards the manner of speech of the main character, Chico Bento and his father, the achademic paper that is titled Uma analise sociolinguística da linguagem de Chico Bento em alguns quadrinhos de gibi (A sociolinguistic analysis on the speech of Chico Bento in some scenes found in comic books) by Norte Cientifico sees it as a recurrent theme in the series, the abstraction that the way he speaks fits into is usually understood to be "wrong" by institutions like schools and media such as TV, Ads, Books, possibly because linguistics is a less known science.

{{More citations needed section|date=September 2016}}

There may be some variation between speakers, the following is a description of various features of this dialect that is sometimes described as having a significant number of particularities.{{Cite web |last=Garcia |first=Rosicleide Rodrigues |title=O que diferencia a fala do dialeto caipira do português 'padrão' |url=https://www.nexojornal.com.br/academico/2017/04/12/O-que-diferencia-a-fala-do-dialeto-caipira-do-portugu%C3%AAs-padr%C3%A3o |website=nexojornal.com.br}}

Phonetically, the most important differences in comparison with standard Brazilian Portuguese are the postalveolar or retroflex approximants ({{IPA|[{{IPA link|ɹ}} ~ {{IPA link|ɻ}}]}}) for {{angle bracket|r}} as allophone of European and paulistano {{IPA|[r ~ ɹ]}}{{cite journal |last1=OUSHIRO |first1=Livia |title=A pronúncia de (–r) em coda silábica no português paulistano |journal=Revista do Gel |date=24 December 2011 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=66–95 |access-date=7 September 2021 |url=https://revistas.gel.org.br/rg/article/view/39}} in the syllable coda ({{IPAslink|ʁ}} in the syllable coda for most Brazilian dialects), as in most areas there's [u ~ ʊ] realization of coda , although not as in most area, it can also be pronounced as the coda of it, {{IPA|[{{IPA link|ɹ}} ~ {{IPA link|ɻ}}]}}

The most common coda ar allophones of caipira is not the same of those in urban areas of hinterland São Paulo and some speakers of the capital and the coast, alveolar approximant {{IPAblink|ɹ}} and r-colored vowel. Some caipira speakers may use those instead.{{original research inline|date=April 2022}}

The merger of {{IPAslink|ʎ}} into the semivowel {{IPAblink|j}}, as in the Northeast dialect Nordestino although unlike it this can't happen for its nasal equivalent and similar to, but not exactly like yeísmo ([{{IPAslink|ʎ}}] → [ʝ]) is a feature of caipira, some may not merge {{IPA|/ʎ/}} into {{IPA|[j]}}{{original research inline|date=April 2022}} or may vocalize the .{{original research inline|date=April 2022}} Rarer pronunciations include using approximants for all instances in which European speakers of Portuguese have {{IPA|[ɾ]}},{{original research inline|date=April 2022}} including the intervocalic and post-consonantal ones (like in American English) or using a palatal approximant {{IPA|[j]}} instead of a rhotic approximant. That, while more common in the caipira area by its particular phonology, is more often associated with speech-language pathology.

The lowering of \i\ to [e] happens in some context in caipira speech, so "country" gets realized as [päes] in caipira speech, this can also happen with diphthongs and semi-vowels, \i j\ become [e] and \w u\ become [o].{{Cite book |last=Garcia |first=Rosicleide Rodrigues |url=http://www.gel.hospedagemdesites.ws/estudoslinguisticos/volumes/38/EL_V38N2_04.pdf |title=Para o estudo de formação e expansão do dialeto caipira em Capivari |publisher=University of São Paulo |year=2009 |edition=38 |location=São Paulo |pages=43–57 |language=pt-BR |trans-title=For study of formation and expansion about the caipira dialect at Capivari |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305024913/http://www.gel.hospedagemdesites.ws/estudoslinguisticos/volumes/38/EL_V38N2_04.pdf |archive-date=2022-03-05 |url-status=dead}}

This phenomenon happens in most dialects although not all (the Sulita and Paulista accents do not have this feature.This seems to be well-known among Brazilians and it is mentioned by this article: https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/conteudo-publicitario/vina/de-onde-vem-o-sotaque-curitibano/)

In this dialect it occurs in 'Vocalic Groups' (cães, areas, ... but not diphthongs like mais \aj\, leite \ej\) and in stressed vowels and the result of the heightening is [i] and [u]. Elision often happens in cases where it happens.

Certain vowels start to glide to a [j] sound before coda as in other dialects (this merges mas and mais, that difference may be confusing for someone that's why there's a significant amount of material explaining the differences between the two{{Cite news | url=https://www.normaculta.com.br/mas-ou-mais/ | title=Mas ou mais | newspaper=Norma Culta }}),[https://web.archive.org/web/20240723092709/https://www.linguasagem.ufscar.br/index.php/linguasagem/article/download/1423/894 Lingua Sagem] this may be analyzed as adding a [j], this pronunciation, there are identified cases where this sort of shift happens before in Caipira as in some idiolects of Paulistano,{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/curiosidades-51275192 | title='Um chopis e dois pastel': Como surgiu o 'paulistanês', sotaque falado nas ruas de São Paulo | newspaper=BBC News Brasil }} that is the dialect spoken casually in the urban regions of the southeast, this sort of realization was historically registered typically only in other vernaculars but that doesn't mean it doesn't occur in more educated speakers, those that know the standard but may do this in familiar, colloquial or informal registers of language[https://alib.ufba.br/sites/alib.ufba.br/files/r0395-1.pdf Ditongação e monotongação nas capitais brasileiras] ufba.br

It frequently happens with \r\ (Example: [pro] → [po]) in specific situations, those aren't the same as what may happen in dialects like Paulistano where final rhotics in infinitives of verbs may get removed, elision sometimes described, more informally in Portuguese as "comendo" (that usually passes the idea of consuming food) {{cite web | url=https://paulistanes.spturis.com.br/mania-de-paulistano/ | title=Mania de Paulistano }} but also with vowels (Example: the first in and get deleted), there are reported cases of this happening in the 1840s and a vowel before may not get realized

There's the usage of a vowel to break unfrequent consonant clusters as in some dialects,{{Cite web |last=Sá Canfield |first=Samanta |date=6 November 2018 |title=BREVE DESCRIÇÃO DA EPÊNTESE CONSONANTAL EM PALAVRAS DERIVADAS POR SUFIXAÇÃO NO PORTUGUÊS BRASILEIRO |url=https://seer.ufrgs.br/cadernosdoil/article/download/83495/50776 }} Caipira usually uses [e], but there are dialects that use a sound more like [i]http://www.letras.ufmg.br/padrao_cms/documentos/profs/thaiscristofaro/2000_ART_Sobre a quebra de encontros consonantais no português brasileiro.pdf (advogado → adevogado) but there are cases of rhotic epenthesis (debuta → debruta), sometimes it also happens because of hypercorrection, (inclusive → inclusivel), epenthesis also occurs more broadly in Brazilian Portuguese when borrowing a word in certain contexts.{{cite web | url=https://pt.quora.com/Por-que-muitos-dos-brasileiros-adicionam-um-E-ou-I-a-falar-em-ingl%C3%AAs-com-palavras-come%C3%A7adas-por-S-e-depois-consoante-Exemplo-small-%C3%A9-pronunciado-como-izmou-smith-como-izmit-spend-como-izpend | title=Por que muitos dos brasileiros adicionam um e ou I a falar em inglês com palavras começadas por S e depois consoante? Exemplo: Small é pr }}

This process happens in \p f\ + \r\ + \V\ sequences where the rhotic + vowel position invert, that also in other situations like with the postposition (which gets realized as [ni]), the rhotic may go to a different syllable (pedestres → pedrestes). This category of sound together with hypothesis change happens frequently with as noted by the linguist Amaral, it was sometimes found that a sound took what was the place of a similar sound (fétido → fedito).

Words may gain or lose nasalization ([NASAL+]) (ordenou → ordeou & economizar → enconomizar). The addition of nasalization may happen with \i\ and \e\ in initial position on their own. Sometimes word final nasalization is found in word final position (contagem → contage), thus merging "fala" (3rd person singular) with "falam" (3rd person plural). In some representations like Chico Bento, it can be seen.{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Figura-7-Chico-Bento-em-entrevista_fig7_353947424 |title=Figura 7 -Chico Bento em entrevista |via=ResearchGate}}

Things may gain voice when in between voiced sounds (precisa → perciza). Even as early as the 1808 there were phenoma like devoicing ([bt] → [pt])

Unstressed \ow\, \aj\, \ej\, \õw\ and \ẽj\ may lose their semi-vowel, but monothongization is in no way limited to Caipira Portuguese and can be observed in other varieties (that includes Portuguese varieties{{cite web | url=https://ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt/consultorio/perguntas/o-dialecto-estremenho/29135 | title=O dialecto estremenho - Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa }}), the [ow] → [o], which results in the short version of the temporal copula being \to\ ( or ) and not \tow\, the broad range of how much of Portugal is affected by this shift is from half to 2/3 of Portugal,{{Cite web|url=http://www.abralin.org/site/data/uploads/revistas/2009-vol-8-n-1/mariasocorro.pdf|title=Os estudos fonético-fonológicos nos estados da Paraíba|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011052325/http://www.abralin.org/site/data/uploads/revistas/2009-vol-8-n-1/mariasocorro.pdf |archive-date=2017-10-11 }} others like \ej\ → [e] and \aj\ → [a] also affect other regions.[http://www.gelne.com.br/arquivos/anais/gelne-2014/anexos/410.pdf Monotongação] gelne.com.br

{{More citations needed section|date=September 2016}}

• The usage of "cê" (happens in some) or "ocê" (which is the one used by Chico Bento{{Cite journal |last1=Schumacher |first1=Alexandre José |last2=Portela |first2=Keyla Christina Almeida |year=2009 |title=UMA ANÁLISE SOCIOLINGUÍSTICA DA LINGUAGEM DE CHICO BENTO EM ALGUNS QUADRINHOS DE GIBIS |trans-title=A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF CHICO BENTO'S LANGUAGE IN SOME COMIC BOOKS |url=https://periodicos.ifrr.edu.br/index.php/norte_cientifico/article/download/217/109 |url-status=dead |journal=Federal Institute of Roraima |language=pt-BR |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=76–84 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113160251/https://periodicos.ifrr.edu.br/index.php/norte_cientifico/article/download/217/109 |archive-date=2024-01-13}}) as the informal second person singular pronoun, which derived from "você", the pronoun used in most of Brazil.{{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Figura-1-distribuicao-dos-pronomes-tu-e-voce-no-Brasil_fig1_337046757 | title=Figura 1-distribuição dos pronomes tu e você no Brasil }}
• "Tu" never gets used and that includes "tu" that does use the conjugation of "você" instead of its own conjugation ( vs ) like in most of the south and in the slang of the Carioca but unlike most of the northeast.[http://i.imgur.com/Mj4Wz2H.png Brazilian Portuguese] i.imgur.com
• "Vós" never gets used and always is replaced with "vocês" or "(o)cês" which happens in all Brazil and most of Portugal.{{cite web | url=https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/gramatica/uso-pronome-vos-recorrente-ou-nao.htm | title=Uso do pronome vós: Recorrente ou não? }}{{cite web | url=https://ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt/consultorio/perguntas/o-uso-de-vos-em-portugal/34608 | title=O uso de vós em Portugal - Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa }}

Observed inflectional morphology development; some (possibly most) of those are not restricted to the Caipira area, formed through contractions.

{{One source|section|date=April 2022}}

{{More citations needed section|date=September 2016}}

• Caipiras
• Paulistas
• Caipira culture

{{Reflist}}

• Garcia, Rosicleide Rodrigues. Para o estudo da formação e expansão do dialeto caipira em Capivari. São Paulo: USP, 2009.
• Pires, Cornélio . Conversas ao pé do fogo - IMESP, edição fac-similar, 1984.
• Rodrigues, Ada Natal.O Dialeto Caipira na Região de Piracicaba , Editora Ática, 1974.

• {{in lang|pt}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20080205165808/http://www.biblio.com.br/Templates/AmadeuAmaral/modialetocaipira.htm "O Dialeto Caipira", by Amadeu Amaral]
• {{in lang|pt}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120204222352/http://www.usinadeletras.com.br/exibelotexto.phtml?cod=10001&cat=Contos "Histórias do Zeca Tira 2 – 'As Pinga'", by Adelmario Sampaio – a sample of the caipira dialect in written form]