cake

The term "cake" has a long history. The word itself is of Viking origin, from the Old Norse word "kaka".[http://www.devlaming.co.za/the-history-of-cakes The history of cakes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829064810/http://www.devlaming.co.za/the-history-of-cakes |date=29 August 2014 }}. Devlaming.co.za. Retrieved 23 December 2011.

The ancient Greeks called cake πλακοῦς (plakous), which was derived from the word for "flat", πλακόεις (plakoeis). It was baked using flour mixed with eggs, milk, nuts, and honey. They also had a cake called "satura", which was a flat, heavy cake. During the Roman period, the name for cake became "placenta", which was derived from the Greek term. A placenta was baked on a pastry base or inside a pastry case.{{cite web|title=whatscookingamerica.net|date=June 2016|url=https://whatscookingamerica.net/History/CakeHistory.htm|access-date=16 December 2016|archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406061335/https://whatscookingamerica.net/History/CakeHistory.htm|url-status=live}}

The Greeks invented beer as a leavener, frying fritters in olive oil, and cheesecakes using goat's milk.Castella, Krystina (2010). A World of Cake: 150 Recipes for Sweet Traditions From Cultures Around the World, pp. 3–4. {{ISBN|978-1-60342-576-6}}. In ancient Rome, the basic bread dough was sometimes enriched with butter, eggs, and honey, which produced a sweet and cake-like baked good.{{cite book |title=An A–Z of food and drink |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-19-280352-2 |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |author=Ayto, John |url=https://archive.org/details/azoffooddrink00ayto }} The Latin poet Ovid refers to his and his brother's birthday party and cake in his first book of exile, Tristia.Ov. Tris. IV. X:12.

Early 14th century cakes in England were also essentially bread: the most obvious differences between a "cake" and "bread" were the round, flat shape of the cakes and the cooking method, which turned cakes over once while cooking, while bread was left upright throughout the baking process.

Sponge cakes, leavened with beaten eggs, originated during the Renaissance, possibly in Spain.Castella, Krystina (2010). A World of Cake: 150 Recipes for Sweet Traditions From Cultures Around the World, pp. 6–7. {{ISBN|978-1-60342-576-6}}.

{{main|Baking mix}}

File:Cake mix in plastic packet photo.JPG in plastic packets]]

During the Great Depression, there was a surplus of molasses and the need to provide easily made food to millions of economically depressed people in the United States.{{cite web |url=http://www.bonappetit.com/entertaining-style/pop-culture/article/cake-mix-history |title=A History of the Cake Mix, the Invention That Redefined 'Baking' |last=Park |first=Michael |website=bonappetit.com |publisher=Bon Appétit |date=2013 |access-date=25 May 2014 |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025080936/https://www.bonappetit.com/entertaining-style/pop-culture/article/cake-mix-history |url-status=live }} One company patented a cake-bread mix to deal with this economic situation and thereby established the first line of cake in a box. In doing so, cake, as it is known today, became a mass-produced good rather than a home- or bakery-made specialty.

Later, during the post-war boom, other American companies (notably General Mills) developed this idea further, marketing cake mix on the principle of convenience, especially to housewives. When sales dropped heavily in the 1950s, marketers discovered that baking cakes, once a task at which housewives could exercise skill and creativity, had become dispiriting. This was a period in American ideological history when women, retired from the war-time labor force, were confined to the domestic sphere while still exposed to the blossoming consumerism in the US.{{cite journal |last=Catalano |first=Christina |year=2002 |title=Shaping the American Woman: Feminism and Advertising in the 1950s |url=http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1054&context=constructing |journal=Constructing the Past |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=45 |access-date=25 May 2014 |archive-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127021616/https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1054&context=constructing |url-status=live }} This inspired psychologist Ernest Dichter to find a solution to the cake mix problem in the frosting.{{cite web |url=http://www.snopes.com/business/genius/cakemix.asp |title=Something Eggstra |website=Snopes.com |date=31 January 2008 |access-date=25 May 2014 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205152008/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/something-eggstra/ |url-status=live }} Since making the cake was so simple, housewives and other in-home cake makers could expend their creative energy on cake decorating inspired by, among other things, photographs in magazines of elaborately decorated cakes.

Ever since boxed cake mix has become a staple of supermarkets, it is often complemented with frosting in a can.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

{{Main|List of cakes}}

Cakes are broadly divided into several categories, based primarily on ingredients and mixing techniques. There are about hundreds of different types of cakes, but there are two broad categories, that culinary divide them into: shortened, and unshorted cakes. Unshortened cakes contain no fat while shortened cakes do. These types may be combined in baking.

Although clear examples of the difference between cake and bread are easy to find, the precise classification has always been elusive.

{{main|Butter cake}}

File:182365 Gooey Butter Cake.jpg]]

Butter cakes are made from creamed butter, sugar, eggs, and flour. They rely on the combination of butter and sugar beaten for an extended time to incorporate air into the batter.{{cite web |last1=Robbins |first1=Mary Jane |title=Creaming butter and sugar |url=http://www.kingarthurflour.com/blog/2015/04/27/creaming-butter-sugar/ |website=King Arthur Flour |access-date=6 December 2015 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614084744/https://www.kingarthurflour.com/blog/2015/04/27/creaming-butter-sugar |url-status=live }} A classic pound cake is made with a pound each of butter, sugar, eggs, and flour. Another type of butter cake that takes its name from the proportion of ingredients used is 1-2-3-4 cake: {{cups|1|US}} butter, {{cups|2|US}} sugar, {{cups|3|US}} flour, and 4 eggs.{{cite web |title=Classic 1-2-3-4 Cake and Variations |website=The Spruce Eats |url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/classic-1234-cake-and-variations-3062322 |access-date=28 December 2020 |archive-date=26 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926082728/https://www.thespruceeats.com/classic-1234-cake-and-variations-3062322 |url-status=live }} According to Beth Tartan, this cake was one of the most common among the American pioneers who settled North Carolina.{{cite book |last=Tartan |first=Beth |title=North Carolina and Old Salem Cookery |year=1992 |publisher=The University of North Carolina Press |isbn=9780807843758 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jhd6x_rrkPwC&dq=1-2-3-4+cake&pg=PA257 |access-date=19 November 2021 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216162512/https://books.google.com/books?id=jhd6x_rrkPwC&dq=1-2-3-4+cake&pg=PA257#v=onepage&q=1-2-3-4%20cake&f=false |url-status=live }}

Baking powder is in many butter cakes, such as Victoria sponge.{{cite news |last1=Cloake |first1=Felicity |title=How to make the perfect Victoria sponge cake |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2013/may/16/how-bake-perfect-victoria-sponge-cake |access-date=6 December 2015 |work=Guardian |date=16 May 2013 |quote="[Victoria sponge] is a misnomer, because a true sponge, of the kind used in Swiss rolls, is made from a whisked mixture of eggs, sugar and flour." |archive-date=4 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904072029/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2013/may/16/how-bake-perfect-victoria-sponge-cake |url-status=live }}

{{main|Sponge cake}}

File:HK Sheung Wan 寶湖金宴 Treasure Lake Seafood Restaurant food Chinese Steamed Sponge Cake 馬拉糕 Mah Lai Goh Jan-2013.JPG

Sponge cakes (or foam cakes) are made from whipped eggs, sugar, and flour. Traditional sponge cakes are leavened only with eggs. They rely primarily on trapped air in a protein matrix (generally beaten eggs) to provide leavening, sometimes with a bit of baking powder or other chemical leaven added. Egg-leavened sponge cakes are thought to be the oldest cakes made without yeast.

Angel food cake is a white cake that uses only the whites of the eggs and is traditionally baked in a tube pan. The French Génoise is a sponge cake that includes clarified butter. Highly decorated sponge cakes with lavish toppings are sometimes called gateau, the French word for cake. Chiffon cakes are sponge cakes with vegetable oil, which adds moistness.{{cite book |last1=Medrich |first1=Alice |title=Joy of Cooking |date=1997 |publisher=Scribner |location=New York |isbn=0-684-81870-1 |page=949}}

{{main|Chocolate cake}}

File:GermanChocolateCake.jpg]]

Chocolate cakes are butter cakes, sponge cakes, or other cakes flavored with melted chocolate or cocoa powder.{{cite news |last1=Berry |first1=Mary |title=Chocolate sponge cake |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/chocolate_cake_48307 |access-date=6 December 2015 |work=Food: Recipes |publisher=BBC |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422041523/https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/chocolate_cake_48307 |url-status=live }} German chocolate cake is a variety of chocolate cake.

{{main|Coffee cake (American)}}

Coffee cake is generally thought of as a cake to serve with coffee or tea at breakfast or a coffee break. Some types use yeast as a leavening agent, while others use baking soda or baking powder. These cakes often have a crumb topping called streusel or a light glaze drizzle.

Baked flourless cakes include clementine cakes, baked cheesecakes, and flourless chocolate cakes.

{{main|Layer cake}}

Layer cakes are cakes made with layers of cake filled with cream, jam, or other filling to hold the layers together.

One-egg cakes are made with one egg. They can be made with butter{{cite book |last=Farmer |first=Fannie Merritt |title=The Boston Cooking-school Cook Book |year=1896 |page=420 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1H8EAAAAYAAJ&dq=One+egg+cake&pg=PA420 |access-date=19 November 2021 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216162512/https://books.google.com/books?id=1H8EAAAAYAAJ&dq=One+egg+cake&pg=PA420#v=onepage&q=One%20egg%20cake&f=false |url-status=live }} or vegetable shortening.{{cite book |last=Berolzheimer |first=Ruth |title=Culinary Arts Institute Encyclopedic Cookbook |date=1948 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=9780399513886 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eoktyOUwM1oC&dq=One+egg+cake&pg=PA690 |access-date=19 November 2021 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216162512/https://books.google.com/books?id=eoktyOUwM1oC&dq=One+egg+cake&pg=PA690#v=onepage&q=One%20egg%20cake&f=false |url-status=live }} One egg cake was an economical recipe when using two eggs for each cake was too costly.{{cite book |title=Good Housekeeping Volume 71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGwjAQAAMAAJ&dq=One+egg+cake&pg=RA2-PA51 |date=1920 |access-date=19 November 2021 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216162512/https://books.google.com/books?id=UGwjAQAAMAAJ&dq=One+egg+cake&pg=RA2-PA51#v=onepage&q=One%20egg%20cake&f=false |url-status=live }}

Although clear examples of the difference between cake and bread are easy to find, the precise classification has always been elusive. For example, banana bread may be properly considered either a quick bread or a cake. Yeast cakes are the oldest and are very similar to yeast bread. Such cakes are often very traditional in form and include such pastries as babka and stollen.

Cakes may be classified according to the occasion for which they are intended. For example, wedding cakes, birthday cakes, cakes for first communion, Christmas cakes, Halloween cakes, and Passover plava (a type of sponge cake sometimes made with matzo meal) are all identified primarily according to the celebration they are intended to accompany. The cutting of a wedding cake constitutes a social ceremony in some cultures. The Ancient Roman marriage ritual of {{lang|la|confarreatio}} originated in the sharing of a cake.

Particular types of cake may be associated with particular festivals, such as stollen or chocolate log (at Christmas), babka and simnel cake (at Easter), or mooncake. There has been a long tradition of decorating an iced cake at Christmas time; other cakes associated with Christmas include chocolate log and mince pies.

A Lancashire Courting Cake is a fruit-filled cake baked by a fiancée for her betrothed. The cake has been described as "somewhere between a firm sponge – with a greater proportion of flour to fat and eggs than a Victoria sponge cake – and a shortbread base and was proof of the bride-to-be's baking skills". Traditionally it is a two-layer cake filled and topped with strawberries or raspberries and whipped cream.{{cite web |url=http://www.lancashirelife.co.uk/food-drink/the_history_of_the_courting_cake_a_lancashire_tradition_1_1645135 |title=The history of the Courting Cake, a Lancashire tradition |publisher=Lancashire Life |access-date=9 October 2015 |date=1 June 2011 |archive-date=23 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223125758/http://www.lancashirelife.co.uk/food-drink/the_history_of_the_courting_cake_a_lancashire_tradition_1_1645135 |url-status=live }}

File:Birthday cake.jpg|A decorated birthday cake

File:Halloween cake.JPG|A Halloween cake shaped like a pumpkin

File:At the Seattle Bridal Show2.jpg|Wedding cakes at a bridal show

File:Chocolate Sour Cream Bundt Cake, March 2008.jpg]]

Cakes are frequently described according to their physical form. Cakes may be small and intended for individual consumption. Larger cakes may be made to be sliced and served as part of a meal or social function. Common shapes include:

• Bundt cakes
• Cake dress
• Cake balls
• Cake pops
• Conical, such as the Kransekake
• Cupcakes and madeleines, which are both sized for a single person
• Layer cakes, frequently baked in a springform pan and decorated
• Sheet cakes, simple, flat, rectangular cakes baked in sheet pans
• Swiss rolls

File:Cake Balls.jpg|A plate of white chocolate cake balls

File:Kransekage (4733199229).jpg|The kransekage is an example of a conical cake.

File:Dobos cake (Gerbeaud Confectionery Budapest Hungary).jpg|Dobos torte is an older form of layer cake.

File:A sheet cake.jpg|A sheet cake

{{Main|Flour}}

Special cake flour with a high starch-to-gluten ratio is made from fine-textured, soft, low-protein wheat. It is strongly bleached and compared to all-purpose flour, cake flour tends to result in cakes with a lighter, less dense texture.[http://whatscookingamerica.net/Bread/FlourTypes.htm Types of Flour] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518234708/http://whatscookingamerica.net/Bread/FlourTypes.htm |date=18 May 2011 }}. Whatscookingamerica.net. Retrieved 23 December 2011. Therefore, it is frequently specified or preferred in cakes meant to be soft, light or bright white, such as angel food cake. However, if cake flour is called for, a substitute can be made by replacing a small percentage of all-purpose flour with cornstarch or removing two tablespoons from each cup of all-purpose flour.{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090722144522/http://www.gourmetsleuth.com/equivalents_substitutions.asp?index=C&tid=591 Cake flour properties and substitutions]}}. Gourmetsleuth.com. Retrieved 23 December 2011.[https://web.archive.org/web/20090112002939/http://aww.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=282618 What is cake flour?]. ninemsn.com.au (1 August 2007). Retrieved 23 December 2011.{{cite book |author1=Irma von Starkloff Rombauer |author2=Marion Rombauer Becker |title=Joy of cooking |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C4_5MCUd6ucC&pg=PA547 |date=1975 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-02-604570-4 |pages=547–}} Some recipes explicitly specify or permit all-purpose flour, notably where a firmer or denser cake texture is desired.

File:YellowCakeRecipe.ogv

A cake can fail to bake properly, which is called "falling". In a cake that "falls", parts may sink or flatten, because it was baked at a temperature that is too low or too hot,{{cite book |title=Science and Industry |publisher=Colliery engineer Company |issue=v. 4 |year=1899 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dcY-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA174 |page=174}} when it has been underbaked{{cite book |last1=Eicher |first1=L. |last2=Williams |first2=K. |title=The Amish Cook's Baking Book |publisher=Andrews McMeel Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7407-8547-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b_8bNyAyrgoC&pg=PA118 |page=118}} and when placed in an oven that is too hot at the beginning of the baking process.{{cite book |last1=Gelb |first1=A. |last2=Levine |first2=K. |title=A Survival Guide for Culinary Professionals |publisher=Thomson Delmar Learning |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-4018-4092-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/survivalguidefor0000gelb |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/survivalguidefor0000gelb/page/243 243]}} The use of excessive amounts of sugar, flour, fat or leavening can also cause a cake to fall.{{cite book |title=The Hospital Corps Quarterly: Supplement to the United States Naval Medical Bulletin |issue=v. 17 |year=1944 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xjwLAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Fallen+cake%22 |page=128 |last1=Bureau of Medicine And Surgery |first1=United States. Navy Dept |access-date=4 December 2015 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216162512/https://books.google.com/books?id=xjwLAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Fallen+cake%22 |url-status=live }} A cake can also fall when subjected to cool air that enters an oven when the oven door is opened during the cooking process.{{cite book |last1=Eckhardt |first1=L.W. |last2=Baigrie |first2=J. |title=Cakes from Scratch in Half the Time |publisher=Chronicle Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8118-4240-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q97MZJ5ZL_kC&pg=PA23 |page=23}}

{{main|Cake decorating}}

File:Piping buttercream onto cake.JPG – buttercream swirls being piped onto the sides of this cake with a pastry bag]]

A finished cake is often enhanced by covering it with icing, or frosting, and toppings such as sprinkles, which are also known as "jimmies" in certain parts of the United States and "hundreds and thousands" in the United Kingdom. The frosting is usually made from powdered (icing) sugar, sometimes a fat of some sort, milk or cream, and often flavorings such as a vanilla extract or cocoa powder. Some decorators use a rolled fondant icing. Commercial bakeries tend to use lard for the fat, and often whip the lard to introduce air bubbles. This makes the icing light and spreadable. Home bakers either use lard, butter, margarine, or some combination thereof. Sprinkles are small firm pieces of sugar and oils that are colored with food coloring. In the late 20th century, new cake decorating products became available to the public. These include several specialized sprinkles and even methods to print pictures and transfer the image onto a cake.

Special tools are needed for more complex cake decorating, such as piping bags and various piping tips, syringes and embossing mats. To use a piping bag or syringe, a piping tip is attached to the bag or syringe using a coupler. The bag or syringe is partially filled with icing which is sometimes colored. Using different piping tips and various techniques, a cake decorator can make many different designs. Basic decorating tips include open star, closed star, basketweave, round, drop flower, leaf, multi, petal, and specialty tips. An embossing mat is used to create embossed effects. A cake turntable that cakes are spun upon may be used in cake decoration.

Royal icing, marzipan (or a less sweet version, known as almond paste), fondant icing

(also known as sugar paste), and buttercream are used as covering icings and to create decorations. Floral sugarcraft or wired sugar flowers are an important part of cake decoration. Cakes for special occasions, such as wedding cakes, are traditionally rich fruit cakes or occasionally Madeira cakes, that are covered with marzipan and iced using royal icing or sugar-paste. They are finished with piped borders (made with royal icing) and adorned with a piped message, wired sugar flowers, hand-formed fondant flowers, marzipan fruit, piped flowers, or crystallized fruits or flowers such as grapes or violets.

File:Strawberry Cake Cropped.jpg|A large cake garnished with strawberries

File:Strawberry Cake.JPG|A slice of strawberry cake with garnishing of strawberry

File:Chocolate cake with chocolate frosting topped with chocolate.jpg|Chocolate layer cake with chocolate frosting and shaved chocolate topping

File:大洗シーサイドホテル戦車ケーキ.jpg|Tank-shaped cake famous in Ōarai, Japan

The shelf life of cakes packages for commercial sale depends on several factors. Cakes are intermediate moisture products prone to mold growth. Commercial cakes are frequently and commonly exposed to different mold varieties before they are packaged for sale, including Aspergillus flavus and various penicillins, and Aspergillus niger. Preservatives and oxygen absorbents are currently used to control and inhibit mold growth.

The CDC has recommended not to eat raw cake batter because it can contain pathogens like Salmonella and E. coli. Cake batter uses raw flour which can contain live bacteria and present a hazard if consumed.{{cite web |title=Raw Dough Can Contain Germs That Make You Sick |website=CDC |date=28 July 2021 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/communication/no-raw-dough.html |access-date=21 October 2021 |archive-date=17 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217011323/https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/communication/no-raw-dough.html |url-status=live }}

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

• List of cakes
• List of baked goods
• List of desserts
• Pie
• Torte
• Turnover

{{div col end}}

{{reflist|30em}}

{{Spoken Wikipedia|En-Cake-article.ogg|date=2019-10-07}}

• {{wiktionary-inline}}

{{Cakes}}

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