calcaneal pitch

Calcaneal pitch is an angle of the calcaneus and the inferior aspect of the foot, with different sources giving different reference points. The first line making up the angle is defined as either:

• The calcaneal inclination axis, extending from the calcaneus by the inferior portion of the calcaneocuboid joint to the inferior border of the calcaneus.{{cite journal|last1=Sinacore|first1=David R|last2=Gutekunst|first2=David J|last3=Hastings|first3=Mary K|last4=Strube|first4=Michael J|last5=Bohnert|first5=Kathryn L|last6=Prior|first6=Fred W|last7=Johnson|first7=Jeffrey E|title=Neuropathic midfoot deformity: associations with ankle and subtalar joint motion|journal=Journal of Foot and Ankle Research|volume=6|issue=1|year=2013|issn=1757-1146|doi=10.1186/1757-1146-6-11|url=https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2398&context=open_access_pubs|doi-access=free|pmc=3616933}}
• Tangential to the inferior distal border of the calcaneus.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyV4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA486|title=Imaging Anatomy: Knee, Ankle, Foot|last=Crim|first=Julia R.|last2=Manaster|first2=B. J.|last3=Rosenberg|first3=Zehava Sadka|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|year=2017|isbn=9780323529556|edition=2|location=|page=468|pages=}}

The second line is defined as extending from either of the two above to either of the following:

• The inferior border of the head of the fifth metatarsal bone.
• The inferior aspect of the medial sesamoid bone.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_lPCgAAQBAJ|title=Operative Techniques in Orthopaedic Surgery|author=Sam W. Wiesel|first=|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2015|isbn=9781496314680|edition=2|location=|pages=|chapter=Calcaneal pitch angle segment|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_lPCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT10606}}
• Parallel to the ground.{{cite journal|last1=Bourdet|first1=C.|last2=Seringe|first2=R.|last3=Adamsbaum|first3=C.|last4=Glorion|first4=C.|last5=Wicart|first5=P.|title=Flatfoot in children and adolescents. Analysis of imaging findings and therapeutic implications|journal=Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research|volume=99|issue=1|year=2013|pages=80–87|issn=1877-0568|doi=10.1016/j.otsr.2012.10.008|doi-access=free}}

Calcaneal pitch is increased in pes cavus, with cutoffs ranging from 20° to 32°.{{cite web|url=http://uwmsk.org/footalignment/doku.php?id=pes_cavus|title=Pes Cavus|website=University of Washington, Department of Radiology}} Last modified: 2016/08/14

A calcaneal pitch of less than 17° or 18° indicates flat feet.{{cite web|url=http://uwmsk.org/footalignment/doku.php?id=pes_planus|title=Pes Planus|website=University of Washington, Department of Radiology}} Last modified: 2016/08/14

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Category:Foot