calcareous grassland
{{Short description|Ecosystem associated with thin basic soil}}{{Too-specific|date=July 2023}}
Calcareous grassland (or alkaline grassland) is an ecosystem associated with thin basic soil, such as that on chalk and limestone downland.[http://www.biodiversitysussex.org/chalkgrass.htm Chalk Grassland HAP] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107010139/http://www.biodiversitysussex.org/chalkgrass.htm |date=2009-01-07 }}
Image:DownsRanscombeFieldToMway0734c.JPG, Medway on the North Downs. In June, these meadows are covered with chalk grassland flowers.]]There are large areas of calcareous grassland in northwestern Europe, particularly areas of southern England, such as Salisbury Plain and the North and South Downs.
Image:Wacholderheide Digelfeld NSG Schwaebische- Alb.jpg, Naturschutzgebiet Digelfeld]]
The machair forms a different kind of calcareous grassland, where fertile low-lying plains are formed on ground that is calcium-rich due to shell sand (pulverised sea shells).
Biodiversity
Plants on calcareous grassland are typically short and hardy, and include grasses and herbs such as clover. Calcareous grassland is an important habitat for insects, particularly butterflies and ants,{{Cite journal|doi=10.7717/peerj.12517|title=Small-scale drivers on plant and ant diversity in a grassland habitat through a multifaceted approach|year=2021|last1=Mugnai|first1=Michele|last2=Frasconi Wendt|first2=Clara|last3=Balzani|first3=Paride|last4=Ferretti|first4=Giulio|last5=Dal Cin|first5=Matteo|last6=Masoni|first6=Alberto|last7=Frizzi|first7=Filippo|last8=Santini|first8=Giacomo|last9=Viciani|first9=Daniele|last10=Foggi|first10=Bruno|last11=Lazzaro|first11=Lorenzo|journal=PeerJ|volume=9|pages=e12517|pmid=35036118|pmc=8711281 |doi-access=free }} and is kept at a plagioclimax by grazing animals, usually sheep and sometimes cattle. Rabbits used to play a part but due to the onset of myxomatosis their numbers decreased so dramatically that they no longer have much of a grazing effect.
The lichen flora of chalk grasslands represents an often overlooked component of calcareous grassland biodiversity. A comprehensive survey of English chalk grasslands in the 1990s identified two main lichen communities: the widespread Lecideetum watsomiae association found on chalk pebbles and flints, and the more restricted Fulgensietum fulgentis community. These lichen communities require specific conditions to grow, including areas of open ground created through natural or human disturbance, such as rabbit grazing, trampling, or historical agricultural practices. The richest lichen sites are often found where soil has been disturbed within the past century or where natural factors like landslips create suitable habitats. Key factors promoting lichen diversity include the presence of stable flints, areas of nutrient-poor soil, and the presence of a small loess (windblown silt) fraction in the soil. Characteristic species include Gyalolechia fulgens and various Cladonia species. Many calcareous grassland lichen communities have shown significant decline since the mid-20th century, attributed to factors such as reduced grazing, nitrogen deposition, and habitat loss.{{cite journal |author-link=Oliver Gilbert (lichenologist) |last=Gilbert |first=Oliver L. |title=The lichens of chalk grassland |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=25 |issue=4 |year=1993 |doi=10.1006/lich.1993.1004 |pages=379–414}}
See also
Notes
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References
- Gibson, C.W.D. (1995). Chalk grasslands on former arable land: a review. Bioscan (UK) Ltd, Oxford.
- Gibson, C.W.D. & Brown, V.K. (1991). The nature and rate of development of calcareous grassland in southern Britain. Biological Conservation, 58, 297-316.
- Hillier, S.H., Walton, D.W.H. & Wells, D.A. (Eds.) (1990). Calcareous grasslands - ecology and management. Bluntisham, Huntingdon.
- Mugnai M, Frasconi Wendt C, Balzani P, Ferretti G, Dal Cin M, Masoni A, Frizzi F, Santini G, Viciani D, Foggi B, Lazzaro L. (2021). Small-scale drivers on plant and ant diversity in a grassland habitat through a multifaceted approach. PeerJ 9:e12517 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12517
- {{Citation
| year = 2002
| title = Grassland and heathland habitats
| last = Price
| first = Elizabeth
| isbn = 978-0-415-18762-6
| location = New York
| publisher = Routledge
| pages = 208
}}
- Smith, C.J. (1980). The Ecology of the English Chalk. Academic Press, London.
- {{cite web|last1=Windrum|first1=Andrew|title=Lincolnshire and Rutland Limestone ( NA38)|url=http://www.naturalareas.naturalengland.org.uk/Science/natural/profiles%5CnaProfile38.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206123136/http://www.naturalareas.naturalengland.org.uk/Science/natural/profiles/naProfile38.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-02-06|website=Natural Areas|publisher=English Nature|access-date=22 June 2014|date=June 1997}}
- {{cite web|last1=Bland ford|first1=Chris|title=BIODIVERSITY OPPORTUNITY MAPPING STUDY FOR CENTRAL LINCOLNSHIRE|url=http://www.glnp.org.uk/admin/resources/fig-3.4-calcareous-grassland-habitat-opportunity-mapping.pdf|publisher=Greater Lincolnshire Nature Partnership|access-date=22 June 2014}}
{{Commons category|Calcareous grassland}}{{Soil type}}{{Authority control}}