callosity
Primates
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All Old World monkeys, gibbons, and some chimpanzees have pads on their rears known as ischial callosities.{{cite web|url=https://monkeybuiznezz.wordpress.com/tag/ischial-callosities/|title=Ischial callosities|publisher=MonkeyBuiznezz|accessdate=2014-02-12}}{{Cite book |title=Primate adaptation and evolution |last=Fleagle |first=John G. |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press |isbn=9780123786326 |edition=3rd |location=Amsterdam |oclc=820107187}} The pads enable the monkeys to sleep sitting upright on thin branches, beyond reach of predators, without falling. Humans do not possess ischial callosities due to the gluteal muscles being large enough to provide the same cushioning.{{Cite journal |last=Montagu |first=Ashley |date=1966-10-03 |title=The Buttocks and Natural Selection |url=https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1966.03110140101027 |journal=JAMA |volume=198 |issue=1 |pages=51 |doi=10.1001/jama.1966.03110140101027 |pmid=5953162 |issn=0098-7484|url-access=subscription }}
The ischial callosities are one of the most distinctive pelvic features which separates Old World monkeys from New World monkeys.Steudel (1981), p 399
Right whales
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In whales, callosities are rough, calcified skin patches found on the heads of the three species of right whales. Callosities are a characteristic feature of the whale genus Eubalaena. Because they are found on the head of the whale and appear white against the dark background of the whale's skin, they allow the reliable identification of individuals of the species.
The callosities themselves are grey, but their white appearance is due to large colonies of whale lice, whale barnacles and parasitic worms which reside on them.{{cite web |url=http://www.neaq.org/conservation_and_research/projects/endangered_species_habitats/right_whale_research/right_whale_background/identify_a_right_whale/callosities.php |title=Callosities |website=New England Aquarium |accessdate=24 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122013247/http://www.neaq.org/conservation_and_research/projects/endangered_species_habitats/right_whale_research/right_whale_background/identify_a_right_whale/callosities.php |archive-date=2014-11-22 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/wildlife/whales/right_whale.htm |title=Right whales |author=Ward, Paul|date=2001|website=Cool Antarctica |accessdate=24 August 2014}} Young whales and diseased individuals are often infested with a different species of cyamid, which gives the callosities on those whales an orange hue rather than white.{{cite web |url=http://coastalstudies.org/right-whale-research/ |title=Right Whale Research |website=Center for Coastal Studies, Provincetown, MA |accessdate=24 August 2014}} Callosities arise naturally and are present even in late-term whale fetuses, although the work of lice digging into the surface of the skin may make them more jagged and hard over time.{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}}
Callosities are found on the upper surface of the whale's head: above the eyes, on the jawline and chin, and surrounding the blowholes. Callosities form a unique pattern on every right whale and, although callosities which are overgrown break off, the patterns do not change over a lifetime.
The evolutionary significance of callosities is unknown. Male right whales have a higher density of callosities than females. Males have been observed scratching one another with their callosities and it has been suggested by Payne & Dorsey (1983) that they are a sexually dimorphic feature, used for intra-specific sexual aggression.{{cite book |url=http://www.icb.org.ar/descargas/Sexual%20dimorphism%20and%20aggressive%20use%20of%20callosities%20in%20right%20whales%20(Eubalaena%20australis).pdf |chapter=Sexual dimorphism and aggressive use of callosities in right whales (Eubalaena australis) |last1=Payne |first1=Roger |first2=Eleanor M. |last2=Dorsey |title=Communication and Behaviour of Whales |year=1983 |pages=295–329 |accessdate=24 August 2014}} That explanation is not entirely satisfactory, because it does not account for the appearance of callosities in females.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} It has also been proposed that the barnacles attached to callosities are important in helping fend off attacks by orcas.{{cite web |last1=Hayashi |first1=Ryota |title=Past biodiversity: Historical Japanese illustrations document the distribution of whales and their epibiotic barnacles |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265049647 |publisher=University of Tokyo |access-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214211208if_/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ryota_Hayashi2/publication/265049647_Past_biodiversity_Historical_Japanese_illustrations_document_the_distribution_of_whales_and_their_epibiotic_barnacles/links/5462c32a0cf2c0c6aec1b8bd.pdf?origin=publication_list |archive-date=2016-02-14}}
See also
Notes
{{Reflist}}
References
- {{cite journal
| url = http://www.zoology.wisc.edu/labs/hll/pdf/Steudel%201981%20functional%20aspects%20of%20pelvic%20structure.pdf
| title = Functional Aspects of Primate Pelvic Structure: A Multivariate Approach
| journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology
| issue = 3
| pages = 399–410
| year = 1981
| first = K
| last = Steudel
| pmid = 6791507
| doi = 10.1002/ajpa.1330550314
| volume = 55
| access-date = 2009-07-19
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100610033030/http://www.zoology.wisc.edu/labs/hll/pdf/Steudel%201981%20functional%20aspects%20of%20pelvic%20structure.pdf
| archive-date = 2010-06-10
| url-status = dead
}}
- Callosities by Mason T. Weinrich in the Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. {{ISBN|0-12-551340-2}}.
- [http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O8-ischialcallosity.html A Dictionary of Zoology 1999, Oxford University Press 1999]
- "On Butts and Baboons". Artsibasheva, A.'' http://monkeybuiznezz.wordpress.com/2012/09/27/on-butts-and-baboons/ Category:Cetaceans