canine coronavirus

The virus invades and replicates in the villi of the small intestine. Intestinal disease may be related to virus-induced apoptosis (programmed cell death) of cells of the epithelial mucosa of the small intestine.{{cite journal |title=Canine coronavirus induces apoptosis in cultured cells |journal=Vet Microbiol |volume= 121|issue= 1–2|pages= 64–72|year= 2007|pmid=17254720 |last1= Ruggieri |first1= A |last2= Di Trani |first2= L |last3= Gatto |first3= I |last4= Franco |first4= M |last5= Vignolo |first5= E |last6= Bedini |first6= B |last7= Elia |first7= G |last8= Buonavoglia |first8= C |doi= 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.12.016|pmc=7117493 |doi-access= free }} Canine coronavirus was originally thought to cause serious gastrointestinal disease, but now most cases are considered to be very mild or without symptoms.{{cite web|author=Pratelli, A.|year=2005|title=Canine Coronavirus Infection|work=Recent Advances in Canine Infectious Diseases|url=http://www.ivis.org/advances/Infect_Dis_Carmichael/Pratelli/chapter_frm.asp?LA=1|access-date=2006-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050410180053/http://www.ivis.org/advances/Infect_Dis_Carmichael/pratelli/chapter_frm.asp?LA=1|archive-date=2005-04-10|url-status=dead}} A more serious complication of canine coronavirus occurs when the dog is also infected with canine parvovirus. Coronavirus infection of the intestinal villi makes the cells more susceptible to parvovirus infection. This causes a much more severe disease than either virus can separately. However, fatal intestinal disease associated with canine coronavirus without the presence of canine parvovirus is still occasionally reported.{{cite journal |vauthors=Evermann J, Abbott J, Han S |title=Canine coronavirus-associated puppy mortality without evidence of concurrent canine parvovirus infection |journal=J Vet Diagn Invest |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=610–4 |year=2005 |pmid=16475526 |doi=10.1177/104063870501700618|doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Buonavoglia C, Decaro N, Martella V, Elia G, Campolo M, Desario C, Castagnaro M, Tempesta M |title=Canine coronavirus highly pathogenic for dogs |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=492–4 |year=2006 |pmid=16704791 |doi= 10.3201/eid1203.050839|pmc=3291441}} This may be related to the high mutation rate of RNA positive stranded viruses, of which canine coronavirus is one.

{{See also|DA2PPC vaccine}}

The incubation period is one to three days.{{cite book|author1=Ettinger, Stephen J. |author2=Feldman, Edward C. |title=Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine|edition=4th|publisher=W.B. Saunders Company|year=1995|isbn=978-0-7216-6795-9}} The disease is highly contagious and is spread through the feces of infected dogs, who usually shed the virus for six to nine days, but sometimes for six months following infection. Symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, and anorexia. Diagnosis is through detection of virus particles in the feces. Treatment usually only requires medication for diarrhea, but more severely affected dogs may require intravenous fluids for dehydration. Fatalities are rare. The virus is destroyed by most available disinfectants. There is a vaccine available (ATCvet code: {{ATCvet|I07|AD11}}), and it is usually given to puppies, who are more susceptible to canine coronavirus, and to dogs that have a high risk of exposure, such as show dogs.

{{section move from|date=January 2022}}

Recently, a second type of canine coronavirus (Group II) has been shown to cause respiratory disease in dogs.{{cite web|author=Ellis, John A.|year=2006|title=Outbreak! How can we approach emerging diseases?|work=Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference|url=http://www.ivis.org/proceedings/navc/2006/SAE/219.pdf?LA=1|access-date=2007-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929094049/http://www.ivis.org/proceedings/navc/2006/SAE/219.pdf?LA=1|archive-date=2007-09-29|url-status=dead}} Known as canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) and found to be similar to strain OC43 of bovine and human coronaviruses, it was first isolated in the United Kingdom in 2003 from lung samples of dogs{{cite journal |vauthors=Erles K, Toomey C, Brooks H, Brownlie J |title=Detection of a group 2 coronavirus in dogs with canine infectious respiratory disease |journal=Virology |volume=310 |issue=2 |pages=216–23 |year=2003 |pmid=12781709 | doi = 10.1016/S0042-6822(03)00160-0 |pmc=7126160 |doi-access=free }} and has since been found on the European mainland{{cite journal |vauthors=Decaro N, Desario C, Elia G, Mari V, Lucente MS, Cordioli P, Colaianni ML, Martella V, Buonavoglia C |title=Serological and molecular evidence that canine respiratory coronavirus is circulating in Italy |journal=Vet Microbiol |volume= 121|issue= 3–4|pages= 225–30|year=2006 |pmid=17215093 |doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.12.001|pmc=7117267 |doi-access=free }} and in Japan.{{cite journal |vauthors=Yachi A, Mochizuki M |title=Survey of dogs in Japan for group 2 canine coronavirus infection |journal=J Clin Microbiol |volume=44 |issue=7 |pages=2615–8 |year=2006 |pmid=16825396 |doi=10.1128/JCM.02397-05 |pmc=1489469}} A serological study in 2006 has also shown antibodies to CRCoV to be present in dogs in Canada and the United States.{{cite journal |vauthors=Priestnall S, Brownlie J, Dubovi E, Erles K |title=Serological prevalence of canine respiratory coronavirus |journal=Vet Microbiol |volume=115 |issue=1–3 |pages=43–53 |year=2006 |pmid=16551493 |doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.02.008|pmc=7117349 |doi-access=free }} However, a retrospective study in Saskatchewan found that CRCoV may have been present there as far back as 1996.

A study published on May 20, 2021, analyzed samples from eight patients with pneumonia (seven of whom were children) in hospitals of Sibu and Kapit, Malaysia, taken between 2017 and 2018 and found a novel coronavirus. This coronavirus is a species of Canine coronavirus (CCoV) which was named CCoV-HuPn-2018 and was found to have multiple similarities to feline coronavirus, swine transmissible gastroenteritis virus and some human and SARS-like coronaviruses. Most of these affect the spike protein and it is thought the virus could have undergone genetic recombination to achieve those traits. If this strain is confirmed to be associated with human disease then it would become the eighth known coronavirus to cause disease in humans.{{cite journal |title=Novel Canine Coronavirus Isolated from a Hospitalized Pneumonia Patient, East Malaysia |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |year=2021 |doi=10.1093/cid/ciab456 |pmid=34013321 |last1=Vlasova |first1=A. N. |last2=Diaz |first2=A. |last3=Damtie |first3=D. |last4=Xiu |first4=L. |last5=Toh |first5=T. H. |last6=Lee |first6=J. S. |last7=Saif |first7=L. J. |last8=Gray |first8=G. C. |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=446–454 |pmc=8194511 }}

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{{Coronaviridae}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Canine Coronavirus}}

Coronavirus

Category:Alphacoronaviruses

Category:Animal viral diseases

Category:Infraspecific virus taxa