cardiac function curve
A cardiac function curve is a graph showing the relationship between right atrial pressure (x-axis) and cardiac output (y-axis).{{cn|date=March 2021}} Superimposition of the cardiac function curve and venous return curve is used in one hemodynamic model.{{cite journal |author=Brengelmann GL |title=A critical analysis of the view that right atrial pressure determines venous return |journal=J. Appl. Physiol. |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=849–59 |date=March 2003 |pmid=12391065 |doi=10.1152/japplphysiol.00868.2002 |url=http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12391065|url-access=subscription }}
__TOC__
Shape of curve
File:Starling_RAP_combined.svg or central venous pressure, and the vertical axis represents cardiac output or venous return. The red curve sloping upward to the right is the cardiac output curve, and the blue curve sloping downward to the right is the venous return curve. A steady state is formed at the point where the two curves meet.]]
File:Frank Starling’s curve.png, illustrating stroke volume (SV) as a function of preload]]
File:Cardiac and vascular function curves.png changes as a function of the central venous pressure; it represents the Frank-Starling mechanism. The vascular function curve expresses how "central venous pressure" changes as a function of "systemic flow". Note that, for cardiac function curve, "central venous pressure" is the independent variable and "systemic flow" is the dependent variable; for vascular function curve, the opposite is true.]]
It shows a steep relationship at relatively low filling pressures and a plateau, where further stretch is not possible and so increases in pressure have little effect on output. The pressures where there is a steep relationship lie within the normal range of right atrial pressure (RAP) found in the healthy human during life. This range is about -1 to +2 mmHg. The higher pressures normally occur only in disease, in conditions such as heart failure, where the heart is unable to pump forward all the blood returning to it and so the pressure builds up in the right atrium and the great veins. Swollen neck veins are often an indicator of this type of heart failure.{{cn|date=March 2021}}
At low right atrial pressures this graph serves as a graphic demonstration of the Frank–Starling mechanism,{{cite web|url=http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/anesthesiology-elective/cardiac/basicphys.cfm|title=Cardiac Basic Physiology|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011171312/http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/anesthesiology-elective/cardiac/basicphys.cfm|archive-date=2008-10-11}} that is as more blood is returned to the heart, more blood is pumped from it without extrinsic signals.
Changes in the cardiac function curve
In vivo however, extrinsic factors such as an increase in activity of the sympathetic nerves, and a decrease in vagal tone cause the heart to beat more frequently and more forcefully. This alters the cardiac function curve, shifting it upwards. This allows the heart to cope with the required cardiac output at a relatively low right atrial pressure. We get what is known as a family of cardiac function curves, as the heart rate increases before the plateau is reached, and without the RAP having to rise dramatically to stretch the heart more and get the Starling effect.{{cn|date=March 2021}}
In vivo sympathetic outflow within the myocardium is probably best described by the time honored description of the sinoatrial tree branching out to Purkinges fibers. Parasympathetic inflow within the myocardium is probably best described by influence of the vagus nerve and spinal accessory ganglia.{{cn|date=March 2021}}