cardiomyopathy

File:Ventricular fibrillation.png, seen on an ECG]]

The presentation of cardiomyopathy is:{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

• Shortness of breath or trouble breathing, especially with physical exertion
• Fatigue
• Swelling in the ankles, feet, legs, abdomen and veins in the neck
• Dizziness
• Lightheadedness
• Fainting during physical activity
• Arrhythmias (abnormal heartbeats)
• Chest pain, especially after physical exertion or heavy meals
• Heart murmurs (unusual sounds associated with heartbeats)

Cardiomyopathies can be of genetic (familial) or non-genetic (acquired) origin.{{Cite journal |last=Bakalakos |first=Athanasios |last2=Ritsatos |first2=Konstantinos |last3=Anastasakis |first3=Aris |date=2018-09-01 |title=Current perspectives on the diagnosis and management of dilated cardiomyopathy Beyond heart failure: a Cardiomyopathy Clinic Doctor's point of view |journal=Hellenic Journal of Cardiology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=254–261 |doi=10.1016/j.hjc.2018.05.008 |issn=1109-9666 |pmid=29807197 |s2cid=44146977 |doi-access=free}} Genetic cardiomyopathies usually are caused by sarcomere or cytoskeletal diseases, neuromuscular disorders, inborn errors of metabolism, malformation syndromes and sometimes are unidentified.{{Cite journal |last=Rath |first=Anika |last2=Weintraub |first2=Robert |date=2021-07-23 |title=Overview of Cardiomyopathies in Childhood |journal=Frontiers in Pediatrics |volume=9 |page=708732 |doi=10.3389/fped.2021.708732 |issn=2296-2360 |pmc=8342800 |pmid=34368032 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal |last=Gorla |first=Sudheer |last2=Raja |first2=Kishore |last3=Garg |first3=Ashish |last4=Barbouth |first4=Deborah |last5=Rusconi |first5=Paolo |date=December 2018 |title=Infantile Onset Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Secondary to PRKAG2 Gene Mutation is Associated with Poor Prognosis |journal=Journal of Pediatric Genetics |language=en |volume=07 |issue=4 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.1055/s-0038-1657763 |issn=2146-4596 |pmc=6234042 |pmid=30430036}} Non-genetic cardiomyopathies can have definitive causes such as viral infections, myocarditis and others.{{Cite journal |last=Law |first=Michelle L. |last2=Cohen |first2=Houda |last3=Martin |first3=Ashley A. |last4=Angulski |first4=Addeli Bez Batti |last5=Metzger |first5=Joseph M. |date=February 2020 |title=Dysregulation of Calcium Handling in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy-Associated Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Mechanisms and Experimental Therapeutic Strategies |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |language=en |volume=9 |issue=2 |page=520 |doi=10.3390/jcm9020520 |issn=2077-0383 |pmc=7074327 |pmid=32075145 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal |last=Cimiotti |first=Diana |last2=Budde |first2=Heidi |last3=Hassoun |first3=Roua |last4=Jaquet |first4=Kornelia |date=2021-01-08 |title=Genetic Restrictive Cardiomyopathy: Causes and Consequences—An Integrative Approach |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |language=en |volume=22 |issue=2 |page=558 |doi=10.3390/ijms22020558 |issn=1422-0067 |pmc=7827163 |pmid=33429969 |doi-access=free}}

Cardiomyopathies are either confined to the heart or are part of a generalized systemic disorder, both often leading to cardiovascular death or progressive heart failure-related disability. Other diseases that cause heart muscle dysfunction are excluded, such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, or abnormalities of the heart valves.{{Cite book |last=Lakdawala |first=NK |title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine |last2=Stevenson |first2=LW |last3=Loscalzo |first3=J |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-07-180215-4 |editor-last=Kasper |editor-first=DL |edition=19th |page=1553 |chapter=Chapter 287 |editor-last2=Fauci |editor-first2=AS |editor-last3=Hauser |editor-first3=SL |editor-last4=Longo |editor-first4=DL |editor-last5=Jameson |editor-first5=JL |editor-last6=Loscalzo |editor-first6=J}} Often, the underlying cause remains unknown, but in many cases the cause may be identifiable.{{Cite book |title=Pathophysiology of heart disease: a collaborative project of medical students and faculty |date=2011 |publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-1-60547-723-7 |editor-last=Lilly, Leonard S. |edition=5th |location=Baltimore, MD |oclc=649701807}} Alcoholism, for example, has been identified as a cause of dilated cardiomyopathy, as has drug toxicity, and certain infections (including Hepatitis C).{{Cite journal |vauthors=Adam A, Nicholson C, Owens L |year=2008 |title=Alcoholic dilated cardiomyopathy. |journal=Nurs Stand |type=Review |volume=22 |issue=38 |pages=42–7 |doi=10.7748/ns2008.05.22.38.42.c6565 |pmid=18578120}}{{Cite journal |vauthors=Westphal JG, Rigopoulos AG, Bakogiannis C, Ludwig SE, Mavrogeni S, Bigalke B et al. |year=2017 |title=The MOGE(S) classification for cardiomyopathies: current status and future outlook. |journal=Heart Fail Rev |type=Review |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=743–752 |doi=10.1007/s10741-017-9641-4 |pmid=28721466 |s2cid=36117047}}{{Cite journal |last=Domont F, Cacoub P |year=2016 |title=Chronic hepatitis C virus infection, a new cardiovascular risk factor? |url=http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01274679/document |journal=Liver Int |type=Review |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=621–7 |doi=10.1111/liv.13064 |pmid=26763484 |doi-access=free}} Untreated celiac disease can cause cardiomyopathies, which can completely reverse with a timely diagnosis.{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ciaccio EJ, Lewis SK, Biviano AB, Iyer V, Garan H, Green PH |year=2017 |title=Cardiovascular involvement in celiac disease. |journal=World J Cardiol |type=Review |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=652–666 |doi=10.4330/wjc.v9.i8.652 |pmc=5583538 |pmid=28932354 |doi-access=free}} In addition to acquired causes, molecular biology and genetics have given rise to the recognition of various genetic causes.{{Cite journal |vauthors=Simpson S, Rutland P, Rutland CS |year=2017 |title=Genomic Insights into Cardiomyopathies: A Comparative Cross-Species Review. |journal=Vet Sci |type=Review |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=19 |doi=10.3390/vetsci4010019 |pmc=5606618 |pmid=29056678 |doi-access=free}}

A more clinical categorization of cardiomyopathy as 'hypertrophied', 'dilated', or 'restrictive',{{Cite book |last=Valentin Fuster |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eWQAJDrVV7gC&pg=PA1884 |title=Hurst's the heart |last2=John Willis Hurst |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-07-143225-2 |page=1884 |access-date=11 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527075031/http://books.google.com/books?id=eWQAJDrVV7gC&pg=PA1884 |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=live}} has become difficult to maintain because some of the conditions could fulfill more than one of those three categories at any particular stage of their development.{{Cite journal |vauthors=Llamas-Esperón GA, Llamas-Delgado G |date=2022 |title=Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Proposal for a new classification |journal=Arch Cardiol Mex |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=377–389 |doi=10.24875/ACM.21000301 |pmc=9262289 |pmid=35772124}}

The current American Heart Association (AHA) definition divides cardiomyopathies into primary, which affect the heart alone, and secondary, which are the result of illness affecting other parts of the body. These categories are further broken down into subgroups which incorporate new genetic and molecular biology knowledge.{{Cite journal |vauthors=McCartan C, Maso R, Jayasinghe SR, Griffiths LR |date=2012 |title=Cardiomyopathy Classification: Ongoing Debate in the Genomics Era |journal=Biochem Res Int |volume=2012 |page=796926 |doi=10.1155/2012/796926 |pmc=3423823 |pmid=22924131 |doi-access=free}}

The pathophysiology of cardiomyopathies is better understood at the cellular level with advances in molecular techniques. Mutant proteins can disturb cardiac function in the contractile apparatus (or mechanosensitive complexes). Cardiomyocyte alterations and their persistent responses at the cellular level cause changes that are correlated with sudden cardiac death and other cardiac problems.{{Cite journal |last=Harvey |first=Pamela A. |last2=Leinwand |first2=Leslie A. |date=2011-08-08 |title=Cellular mechanisms of cardiomyopathy |journal=The Journal of Cell Biology |volume=194 |issue=3 |pages=355–365 |doi=10.1083/jcb.201101100 |issn=0021-9525 |pmc=3153638 |pmid=21825071}}

Cardiomyopathies are generally varied individually. Different factors can cause cardiomyopathies in adults as well as children. For example, dilated cardiomyopathy in adults is associated with ischemic cardiomyopathy, hypertension, valvular diseases, and genetics. In children, neuromuscular diseases such as Becker muscular dystrophy or X-linked genetic disorder, are directly linked with cardiomyopathies.{{Cite journal |last=Braunwald |first=Eugene |date=2017-09-15 |title=Cardiomyopathies: An Overview |journal=Circulation Research |volume=121 |issue=7 |pages=711–721 |doi=10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311812 |issn=1524-4571 |pmid=28912178 |s2cid=36384619 |doi-access=free}}

file:SinusRhythmLabels.svg

Among the diagnostic procedures done to determine a cardiomyopathy are:{{Cite web |title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cardiomyopathy? - NHLBI, NIH |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/signs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728023343/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/signs |archive-date=28 July 2016 |access-date=25 July 2016 |website=nhlbi.nih.gov}}

• Physical exam
• Family history
• Blood test
• ECG
• Echocardiogram
• Stress test
• Genetic testing

File:Tipet e kardiomiopative.png

File:HCM＿HE.jpg

Cardiomyopathies can be classified using different criteria:{{Cite book |last=Vinay |first=Kumar |title=Robbins Basic Pathology |publisher=Elsevier |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4377-1781-5 |page=396}}

• Primary/intrinsic cardiomyopathies{{Cite journal |last=Maron |first=Barry J. |last2=Towbin |first2=Jeffrey A. |last3=Thiene |first3=Gaetano |last4=Antzelevitch |first4=Charles |last5=Corrado |first5=Domenico |last6=Arnett |first6=Donna |last7=Moss |first7=Arthur J. |last8=Seidman |first8=Christine E. |last9=Young |first9=James B. |date=11 April 2006 |title=Contemporary Definitions and Classification of the Cardiomyopathies |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/113/14/1807 |url-status=live |journal=Circulation |language=en |volume=113 |issue=14 |pages=1807–1816 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287 |issn=0009-7322 |pmid=16567565 |s2cid=6660623 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820130306/http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/113/14/1807 |archive-date=20 August 2016 |access-date=1 August 2016}}
• Congenital
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
• Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC)
• Left ventricular noncompaction
• Ion Channelopathies like the Long QT syndrome and the very rare Short QT syndrome
• Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
• Mixed
• Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)
• Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM)
• Brugada syndrome
• Acquired
• Stress cardiomyopathy
• Myocarditis, inflammation of and injury to heart tissue due in part to its infiltration by lymphocytes and monocytes{{Cite journal |vauthors=Séguéla PE, Iriart X, Acar P, Montaudon M, Roudaut R, Thambo JB |year=2015 |title=Eosinophilic cardiac disease: Molecular, clinical and imaging aspects |journal=Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases |volume=108 |issue=4 |pages=258–68 |doi=10.1016/j.acvd.2015.01.006 |pmid=25858537 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rose NR |year=2016 |title=Viral myocarditis |journal=Current Opinion in Rheumatology |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=383–9 |doi=10.1097/BOR.0000000000000303 |pmc=4948180 |pmid=27166925}}
• Eosinophilic myocarditis, inflammation of and injury to heart tissue due in part to its infiltration by eosinophils
• Ischemic cardiomyopathy (not formally included in the classification, due to ischemic cardiomyopathy being a direct result of another cardiac problem)
• Secondary/extrinsic cardiomyopathies
• Metabolic/storage
• Fabry's disease
• Hemochromatosis
• Endomyocardial
• Endomyocardial fibrosis
• Hypereosinophilic syndrome
• Endocrine
• Diabetes mellitus
• Hyperthyroidism
• Acromegaly
• Cardiofacial
• Noonan syndrome
• Neuromuscular
• Muscular dystrophy
• Friedreich's ataxia
• Other
• Obesity-associated cardiomyopathy{{Cite book |last=Lipshultz |first=Steven E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9GZkyP5NYPwC |title=Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome: Comprehensive Clinical Review and Related Health Issues |last2=Messiah |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Miller |first3=Tracie L. |date=2012-04-05 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4471-2365-1 |page=200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529024647/https://books.google.com/books?id=9GZkyP5NYPwC |archive-date=29 May 2016 |url-status=live}}

Treatment may include suggestion of lifestyle changes to better manage the condition. Treatment depends on the type of cardiomyopathy and condition of disease, but may include medication (conservative treatment) or iatrogenic/implanted pacemakers for slow heart rates, defibrillators for those prone to fatal heart rhythms, ventricular assist devices (VADs) for severe heart failure, or catheter ablation for recurring dysrhythmias that cannot be eliminated by medication or mechanical cardioversion. The goal of treatment is often symptom relief, and some patients may eventually require a heart transplant.

Acoramidis (Attruby) was approved for medical use in the United States in November 2024, to treat adults with cardiomyopathy of wild-type or variant (hereditary) transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis (ATTR-CM) to reduce death and hospitalization related to heart problems.{{cite web | title=FDA approves drug for heart disorder caused by transthyretin-mediated | website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration | date=1 October 2024 | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/news-events-human-drugs/fda-approves-drug-heart-disorder-caused-transthyretin-mediated-amyloidosis | access-date=27 November 2024}} {{PD-notice}}

• Basic Research in Cardiology (journal)
• Fibrosing cardiomyopathy (disease in great apes)
• Myopathy

{{Reflist}}

• {{Cite journal |last=Boudina |first=Sihem |last2=Abel |first2=Evan Dale |date=1 March 2010 |title=Diabetic cardiomyopathy, causes and effects |journal=Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=31–39 |doi=10.1007/s11154-010-9131-7 |issn=1389-9155 |pmc=2914514 |pmid=20180026}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Marian |first=A. J. |last2=Roberts |first2=Robert |date=1 April 2001 |title=The Molecular Genetic Basis for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy |journal=Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=655–670 |doi=10.1006/jmcc.2001.1340 |issn=0022-2828 |pmc=2901497 |pmid=11273720}}
• {{Cite book |last=Acton |first=Q. Ashton |title=Advances in Heart Research and Application: 2013 Edition |publisher=Scholarly Editions |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4816-8280-0}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Towbin |first=JA |date=2014 |title=Inherited cardiomyopathies. |journal=Circulation Journal |volume=78 |issue=10 |pages=2347–56 |doi=10.1253/circj.cj-14-0893 |issn=1347-4820 |pmc=4467885 |pmid=25186923}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Maron |first=Barry J. |last2=Udelson |first2=James E. |last3=Bonow |first3=Robert O. |last4=Nishimura |first4=Rick A. |last5=Ackerman |first5=Michael J. |last6=Estes |first6=N. A. Mark |last7=Cooper |first7=Leslie T. |last8=Link |first8=Mark S. |last9=Maron |first9=Martin S. |date=1 December 2015 |title=Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 3: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy and Other Cardiomyopathies, and Myocarditis: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology |journal=Circulation |volume=132 |issue=22 |pages=e273–280 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000239 |issn=1524-4539 |pmid=26621644 |s2cid=207639288}}

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{{Medical resources

| DiseasesDB = 2137

| ICD10 = {{ICD10|I25.5}}, {{ICD10|I42}}, {{ICD10|I43}}

| ICD9 = {{ICD9|425}}

| ICDO =

| OMIM =

| MedlinePlus = 001105

| eMedicineSubj =

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| MeshID = D009202

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Category:Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate

Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate