casomorphin

Digestive enzymes can break casein down into peptides that have some biological activity in cells and in laboratory animals though conclusive causal effects on humans have not been established.

Some practitioners of alternative medicine claim that casomorphin may cause some of the symptoms of autism, and promote casein exclusion diets as a supposed cure, {{as of|2008|lc=on}} there was a lack of evidence that these diets had any effect.{{cite journal | last1 = Millward | first1 = C | last2 = Ferriter | first2 = M | last3 = Calver | first3 = S | last4 = Connell-Jones | first4 = G | year = 2008 | title = Gluten- and casein-free diets for autistic spectrum disorder | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 2| page = CD003498 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003498.pub3 | pmid=18425890 | pmc=4164915}}

If opioid peptides breach the intestinal barrier, typically linked to permeability and constrained biosynthesis of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), they can attach to opioid receptors.

Elucidation requires a systemic framework that acknowledges that public-health effects of food-derived opioids are complex with varying genetic susceptibility and confounding factors, together with system-wide interactions and feedbacks.{{Cite journal |title=Casomorphins and Gliadorphins Have Diverse Systemic Effects Spanning Gut, Brain and Internal Organs |journal=Int J Environ Res Public Health |last=Keith |first=Bernard Woodford |doi=10.3390/ijerph18157911 |doi-access=free |year=2021|volume=18 |issue=15 |page=7911 |pmid=34360205 |pmc=8345738 }}

• Structure: {{mono|YPF}}
• Chemical formula: C₂₃H₂₇N₃O₅
• Molecular weight: 425.48 g/mol

• Structure: {{mono|YPFPGP}}
• Chemical formula: C₂₈H₃₅N₄O₆
• Molecular weight: 522.61 g/mol

{{main|Morphiceptin}}

• Structure: {{mono|YPFP}}-NH₂
• Chemical formula: C₂₈H₃₅N₅O₅
• Molecular weight: 521.6 g/mol

• Structure: {{mono|YPFPG}}
• Chemical formula: C₃₀H₃₇N₅O₇
• Molecular weight: 594.66 g/mol

• Structure: {{mono|YPFPGPI}}
• Chemical formula: C₄₁H₅₅N₇O₉
• Molecular weight: 789.9 g/mol

bBCM7 is produced in when digesting bovine A1 beta-casein outside of the body using pancreatic enzymes, and inside of some animal bodies. The A2 form, which follows Ile with a Pro instead of a His, is more resistant to the release of bBCM7, presumably because the proline residue blocks the action of a carboxyl peptidase. bBCM7 has significant opioid effects when injected (and in more recent research, orally fed) into animals, but human studies supporting the use of "bBCM7-free" A2 milk is still lacking.{{cite journal |author1=European Food Safety Authority |title=Review of the potential health impact of β-casomorphins and related peptides |journal=EFSA Journal |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=231r |date=3 February 2009 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2009.231r |url=http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/rn-231|doi-access=|url-access=subscription }}

• Structure: {{mono|YPFVQPI}}

Despite human beta-casein having a A2-like "P" after "I", human colostrum and early lactation-stage milk contains significant amounts of hBCM7. It is a much weaker opioid and the FVQ sequence renders it susceptible to further degradation.

• Structure: {{mono|YPFPGPIX}}
• Chemical formula (A2): C₄₆H₆₂N₈O₁₀
• Molecular weight (A2): 887.00 g/mol

X is H (histidine) in A1 and P (proline) in A2.

• Structure: {{mono|YPFPGPIXN}}

X is H (histidine) in A1 and P (proline) in A2.

Produced from both A1 and A2. Opioid agonist, but apparently without the detrimental effect of bBCM7 in cell cultures and animal models, and in fact considered potentially beneficial.

• {{mono|PGPIPN}} is beneficial to mice.{{cite journal |last1=Qi |first1=N |last2=Liu |first2=C |last3=Yang |first3=H |last4=Shi |first4=W |last5=Wang |first5=S |last6=Zhou |first6=Y |last7=Wei |first7=C |last8=Gu |first8=F |last9=Qin |first9=Y |title=Therapeutic hexapeptide (PGPIPN) prevents and cures alcoholic fatty liver disease by affecting the expressions of genes related with lipid metabolism and oxidative stress. |journal=Oncotarget |date=20 October 2017 |volume=8 |issue=50 |pages=88079-88093 |doi=10.18632/oncotarget.21404 |pmid=29152143}}{{cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Q |last2=Xi |first2=H |last3=Chen |first3=X |last4=Xu |first4=Y |last5=Wang |first5=P |last6=Li |first6=J |last7=Wei |first7=W |last8=Gu |first8=F |last9=Qin |first9=Y |title=Milk‑derived hexapeptide PGPIPN prevents and attenuates acute alcoholic liver injury in mice by reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress. |journal=International journal of molecular medicine |date=September 2020 |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=1107-1117 |doi=10.3892/ijmm.2020.4643 |pmid=32705158}}

{{reflist}}

{{Opioidergics}}

Category:Dairy products

Category:Peptides