causal pie model

In the field of epidemiology, the causal pie model, also known as Rothman's Model of Disease or Pie Wheel Model of Disease can be used to explain the causal mechanisms responsible for diseases.

It was introduced as a conceptual model by Ken Rothman to communicate how constellations of component causes can lead to a sufficient cause to lead to a condition of interest and that reflection on these sets could improve epidemiological study design.{{cite journal| author=Rothman, K. J.| title=Causes | journal=Am J Epidemiol | year= 1976 | volume= 104 | issue= 6 | pages= 587–92 | pmid=998606 | doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112335 | pmc= | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/998606 }} {{cite book | last1=Rothman | first1=Kenneth J. | last2=Lash | first2=Timothy L. | last3=VanderWeele | first3=Tyler J. | last4=Haneuse | first4=Sebastien | title=Modern epidemiology | publication-place=Philadelphia | date=2021 | isbn=978-1-9751-6628-1 | oclc=1236198056 | language=es | page=}} A set of proposed causal mechanisms are represented as pie charts where each pie in the diagram represent a theoretical causal mechanism for a given disease, which is also called a sufficient cause.{{Cite book|last=Rothman, Kenneth J.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/750986180|title=Epidemiology: an introduction|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-975455-7|edition=2nd|location=New York, NY|pages=24|oclc=750986180}}

Each pie is made up of many component factors, otherwise known as component causes represented by sectors in the diagram. In this framework, each c,omponent cause represents an event or condition required for a given disease or outcome. A component cause that appears in every pie is called a necessary cause as the outcome cannot occur without it.{{Cite journal|last1=Rothman|first1=Kenneth J.|last2=Greenland|first2=Sander|date=2005|title=Causation and Causal Inference in Epidemiology|url=http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2004.059204|journal=American Journal of Public Health|language=en|volume=95|issue=S1|pages=S144–S150|doi=10.2105/AJPH.2004.059204|pmid=16030331 |issn=0090-0036|via=|hdl=10.2105/AJPH.2004.059204|hdl-access=free|url-access=subscription}}{{cite journal| author=Johnson CY, Howards PP| title=Causal pie bingo! | journal=Epidemiology | year= 2013 | volume= 24 | issue= 2 | pages= 331 | pmid=23377092 | doi=10.1097/EDE.0b013e318281e1cf | pmc= | doi-access=free }}