cell-bound complement activation products
Cell-Bound Complement Activation Products (CB-CAPs) or complement split products, refers to complement activation fragments, C4d, that are bound covalently to somatic cells, as a result of activation of the classical complement pathway.{{cite journal |last1=Ramsey-Goldman |first1=Rosalind |last2=Li |first2=Jian |last3=Dervieux |first3=Thierry |last4=Alexander |first4=Roberta Vezza |title=Cell-bound complement activation products in SLE |journal=Lupus Science & Medicine |date=21 August 2017 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=e000236 |doi=10.1136/lupus-2017-000236 |pmid=29214038|pmc=5704741 }} They appear potentially useful for the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus as of 2015.{{cite journal |last1=Abulaban |first1=Khalid M. |last2=Brunner |first2=Hermine I. |title=Biomarkers for Childhood-Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus |journal=Current Rheumatology Reports |date=5 December 2014 |volume=17 |issue=1 |page=471 |doi=10.1007/s11926-014-0471-2|pmid=25475594 |pmc=4980820 }}
Medical use
CB-CAPs can be used in the diagnosis and monitoring of SLE.{{cite journal |last1=Ahearn |first1=Joseph M. |last2=Liu |first2=Chau-Ching |last3=Manzi |first3=Susan |title=Cell-bound complement activation products as lupus biomarkers: diagnosis, monitoring and stratification |journal=Expert Review of Clinical Immunology |date=6 November 2017 |volume=13 |issue=12 |pages=1133–1142 |doi=10.1080/1744666X.2017.1392238 |pmid=29025354|s2cid=205914139 }} Their efficacy is aided by the ability to be measured throughout the lifespans of erythrocytes, b-lymphocytes.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYsxW8AEsvIC&pg=PA161|title=Dubois' Lupus Erythematosus and Related Syndromes E-Book: Expert Consult - Online and Print|first1=Daniel|last1=Wallace|first2=Bevra Hannahs|last2=Hahn|date=27 September 2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1455728176|via=Google Books}}
Research
Research into the development of CB-CAPs has been advocated by the Lupus Foundation of America.{{cite web|url=https://www.lupus.org/news/exagen-and-the-lupus-foundation-of-america-partner-on-new-initiative-to-reduce-the-time-to-an-accurate-lupus-diagnosis|title=Exagen and the Lupus Foundation of America Partner on New Initiative to Reduce the Time to an Accurate Lupus Diagnosis|website=Lupus Foundation of America}}
==References==