chained library

{{Short description|Library where the books are attached to their bookcase by a chain}}

File:Chained Library, Chelsea Old Church - geograph.org.uk - 493693.jpg. Unique in London churches, a medieval library, containing a "Vinegar Bible" of 1717. These were a gift of Sir Hans Sloane.]]

A chained library is a library where the books are attached to their bookcase by a chain, which is sufficiently long enough to allow the books to be taken from their shelves and read, but not removed from the library itself. The practice was usual for reference libraries (that is, the vast majority of libraries) from the Middle Ages to around the 18th century. This would prevent theft of the library's materials.Weston, J. (10 May 2013). "[http://medievalfragments.wordpress.com/2013/05/10/the-last-of-the-great-chained-libraries/ The Last of the Great Chained Libraries]". Since the chaining process was also expensive, it was not used on all books, only the more valuable books such as reference works or large books in a collection were chained.Byrne, D. "Chained libraries". History Today, May 1987, 37, pp. 5–6. Librarians in the Middle Ages often invoked curses as well to keep books from being stolen. Once such curse written into the books was,

{{poemquote|Steal not this book my honest friend

For fear the gallows should be your end,

And when you die the Lord will say

And where's the book you stole away?{{Cite journal |last=Callas |first=Jennie E. |date=2010-02-26 |title=A Review of "The Library: An Illustrated History" |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10875300903535149 |journal=Internet Reference Services Quarterly |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=69–70 |doi=10.1080/10875300903535149 |s2cid=61069680 |issn=1087-5301|url-access=subscription }}}}

It is standard for chained libraries to have the chain fitted to the corner or cover of a book. This is because if the chain were to be placed on the spine the book would suffer greater wear from the stress of moving it on and off the shelf. Because of the location of the chain attached to the book (via a ringlet) the books are housed with their spine facing away from the reader, with only the pages' fore-edges visible. This is so that each book can be removed and opened without needing to be turned around, hence avoiding tangling its chain. To remove the book from the chain, the librarian would use a key.Lopez, B. "New Chained Library of Hereford Cathedral Takes Royal Prize". American Libraries, 1997, p. 22.{{cite web |title=Chained Library |url=https://www.herefordcathedral.org/chained-library |website=www.herefordcathedral.org |access-date=28 October 2022}}

File:Libraries in the Medieval and Renaissance Periods Figure 4.jpg]]

The earliest example in England of a library to be endowed for use outside an institution such as a school or college was the Francis Trigge Chained Library in Grantham, Lincolnshire, established in 1598. The library still exists and can justifiably claim to be the forerunner of later public library systems.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} Marsh's Library in Dublin, built 1701, is another non-institutional library which is still housed in its original building. Here it was not the books that were chained, but rather the readers were locked into cages to prevent rare volumes from 'wandering'. There is also an example of a chained library in the Royal Grammar School, Guildford, as well as at Bolton School. Hereford Cathedral has the largest surviving chained library. While chaining books was a popular practice throughout Europe, it was not used in all libraries. The practice of chaining library books became less popular as printing increased and books became less expensive. Wimborne Minster in Dorset, England is yet another example of a chained library. It is one of the first in England and the second (demoted to third after Wells Cathedral chained library re-chained a number of their books) largest.{{Cite web|title = Chained Library – Wimborne Minster|url = http://www.wimborneminster.org.uk/110/chained-library.html|website = www.wimborneminster.org.uk|access-date = 26 September 2015|first = Triple W Software|last = Ltd}} It dates from 1868 and has 150 titles wrapped in lambs skin.{{Cite web |last=Meier |first=Allison |date=2014-05-08 |title=Reading in Restraint: The Last Chained Libraries |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/chained-libraries-of-the-world |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}} Another interesting example of a chained library is Florence's sixteenth-century Laurentian Library, designed by Michelangelo for Lorenzo de' Medici.{{Cite book|last=Murray|first=Stuart P|title=The Library An Illustrated History|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing|year=2009|isbn=9781510733329|location=New York, New York|pages=82}}

Hereford Cathedral, in Hereford, England, has one of two chained libraries that still have chained books on its shelves.{{Cite journal|last=Allison|title=Reading in Restraint: The Last Chained Libraries|journal=Atlas Obscura|volume=9}} The books in this library date mostly from the 12th century and are therefore handwritten as they predate the printing press. The book pages were said to be made of cowhide, wood, leaves, clay, cloth, bark, metal, and unbleached animal skin, and was{{clarify|date=March 2021}} written in the language of the people.{{clarify|date=March 2021}} Under-privileged scholars settled for columns of text bounded between boards and papyrus. Papyrus was cheaper but could easily be destroyed and written over.{{Cite book|title=A Living History|last=Lyons|first=Martyn|year=2011|location=Los Angeles|pages=35–46}}

In the Middle Ages, books were expensive and for the privileged, but they were highly valued. Books were the prime target for thieves and impoverished students to steal and sell. As a result, books were chained to shelves to preserve information.

Recent interest in saving and preservation

Recently, there has been increased interest in reconstructing chained libraries. Worldwide, only five chained libraries have survived with their original furniture, chains, and books. This includes the library built in the Church of Saint Walpurga, located in the small town of Zutphen in the Netherlands. This library was built in 1564. The library is now part of a museum that allows visitors to tour and view the library's original books, furniture, and chains. Another chained library is the Malatestiana Library in Cesena near Bologna in Italy, dating back to the Italian Renaissance. A lot of work has gone into rebuilding and preserving these great libraries.

For example, many workers, over a decade, and massive monetary donations were spent to restore the Mappa Mundi and Chained Library museum located in Hereford, England. Built over 900 years ago, the library fell into disrepair and faced destruction. The oldest chained book found in the library is the Hereford Gospels.Hereford Cathedral. "The Chained Library". 2009. Received from {{cite web|url=http://www.herefordcathedral.org/visit-us/mappa-mundi-1/the-chained-library|title=The chained library|website=herefordcathedral.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214041526/http://www.herefordcathedral.org/visit-us/mappa-mundi-1/the-chained-library|archive-date=14 February 2013|access-date=1 April 2013}} Written in the eighth century, it is one of 229 chained books located in this great library. The Hereford library is the largest surviving chained library with its chains and books intact. The library is now open to the public as a tourist attraction and museum.

The chained library in Wimborne Minster in Dorset is the second-largest chained library in the UK. The first donation came from Revd William Stone. These were theological books, used mainly by the clergy and therefore were not chained. When another local donor, Roger Gillingham, gave another 90 books in 1695, he insisted that the books be chained up, but also that the Library should be opened, free, for the people of the town, providing they were 'shopkeepers or the better class of person'.Wimborne Minster. "[http://www.wimborneminster.org.uk/110/chained-library.html Chained library]". 2014.

Surviving examples

File:Wootton_Wawen_St_Peters_0026.JPG, Warwickshire]]

Basilica of St. John, Oleśnica, Poland
Bolton School, Bolton, Greater Manchester, England{{Cite web|url=https://www.boltonschool.org/senior-boys/facilities/local-special-and-school-archival-collections/|title=Local, Special and School Archival Collections|website=Bolton School|language=en|access-date=30 September 2019}}
Chelsea Old Church, London, England{{Cite web |title=The Francis Trigge Chained Library |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/francis-trigge-chained-library |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}
Chetham's Library, Manchester, England houses the chained parish library of Gorton{{Cite web|url=https://library.chethams.com/collections/101-treasures-of-chethams/library-of-the-parish-church-of-gorton/|title=Chetham's Library {{!}} Library of the Parish Church of Gorton|website=Chetham's Library|language=en|access-date=30 September 2019}}
Church of All Saints, Wrington, Somerset, England{{Cite web|url=http://www.wringtonsomerset.org.uk/allsaints/chainbooks.html|title=chainbooks|website=www.wringtonsomerset.org.uk|access-date=30 September 2019}}
Church of St John the Baptist, Glastonbury, England{{Cite web|url=http://www.stjohns-glastonbury.org.uk/gallery.php?&id=106874&page=1&columns=3&rows=3&sid=4a2f1b1bc209cab72d02ea31507b2715&CatID=274|title=Chained books|website=stjohns-glastonbury.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815135908/http://www.stjohns-glastonbury.org.uk/gallery.php?&id=106874&page=1&columns=3&rows=3&sid=4a2f1b1bc209cab72d02ea31507b2715&CatID=274|archive-date=15 August 2017|access-date=29 September 2019}}
Francis Trigge Chained Library, Grantham, England{{Cite web |title=The Trigge Library - DiscoverStWulframs.co.uk |url=http://www.discoverstwulframs.org.uk/the-trigge-library.aspx |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=www.discoverstwulframs.org.uk}}
Hereford Cathedral Library, Hereford, England{{Cite web |title=Chained Library |url=https://www.herefordcathedral.org/chained-library |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=Hereford Cathedral |language=en}}
Malatestiana Library, Cesena, Italy{{Cite web |title=Biblioteca Malatestiana |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/biblioteca-malatestiana |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}
Royal Grammar School, Guildford, England{{Cite web |title=Royal Grammar School {{!}} Guildford |url=https://guildford.daiyanyingyu.uk/home/history/rgs/ |access-date=2022-10-28 |language=en-GB}}
St Peter's Church, Wootton Wawen, Warwickshire, England
St Walburga's Church, Zutphen, The Netherlands{{Cite web |title=Librije Chained Library |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/librije-chained-library |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}
Trinity Hall, Cambridge, England
Wimborne Minster, England{{Cite web |title=Chained Library - Wimborne Minster and the Wimborne Villages |url=http://www.wimborneminster.org.uk/110/chained-library.html |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=www.wimborneminster.org.uk}}
Wells Cathedral, Somerset, England

In popular culture

In Terry Pratchett's Discworld series of comic fantasy novels, the library of the magical Unseen University also has a number of chained books—however, in this case, the purpose of the chains is to prevent the more vicious magical books from escaping or attacking passers-by.
David Williams has written a mystery, Murder in Advent, that features a chained library.{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/david-williams-548864.html|title=David Williams obituary|last=Heald|first=Tim|date=6 October 2013|work=The Independent|access-date=10 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021060237/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/david-williams-548864.html|archive-date=21 October 2010}}
In the film Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, the Restricted section of the library features chained books.
In the season six finale of Game of Thrones, Samwell Tarly is granted access to the Citadel Library where many of the books are chained.
In the film Doctor Strange, the library of Kamar-Taj is home to countless ancient books, but some books are forbidden and on chains and watched over by the librarian, Wong.{{cite news |last1=BBC |first1=Culture |title=The ancient library where the books are under lock and key |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20180706-the-ancient-library-where-the-books-are-under-lock-and-key}}
Charlie Lovett has written a fiction book, The Lost Book of the Grail, that features a chained library.{{Cite book |last=Lovett |first=Charles C. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/969973341 |title=The lost book of the Grail : or a visitor's guide to Barchester Cathedral |date=2017 |isbn=978-0-399-56251-8 |location=New York |oclc=969973341}}

References

Bibliography

William Blades, [https://archive.org/details/booksinchainsoth00bladuoft Books in Chains: and other bibliographical papers.] London: Elliot Stock, 1892.
John Charles Cox & Alfred Harvey, [https://archive.org/details/englishchurchfur00coxjiala English church furniture.] Chapter XI: 'Church libraries and chained books.' Second edition. London: Methuen, 1908.
B. H. Streeter, The Chained Library: a survey of four centuries in the evolution of the English library. London: Macmillan, 1931.
Philippe Cordez: [https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/10.1484/J.RM.2.303589 Le lieu du texte. Les livres enchaînés au Moyen Âge]. In: Revue Mabillon 78, 2006, ISSN 0035-3620, p. 75–103.

External links

[https://www.herefordcathedral.org/chained-library Chained Library at Hereford Cathedral] – accessed 23 July 2024
[https://web.archive.org/web/20150313112203/http://www.chethams.org.uk/chained_libraries.html Chetham's Parish Libraries]

(Wayback Machine copy)

[http://www.wimborneminster.org.uk/110/chained-library.html Wimborne Minster Chained Library]
[http://www.oriel.ox.ac.uk/content/history-library Oriel College Library]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716065003/http://www.rgs-guildford.co.uk/page_viewer.asp?page=+The+Chained+Library&pid=13 A chained library surviving at a school (The Royal Grammar School, Guildford)] – accessed 6 January 2007