chalaza
{{short description|Structure inside bird eggs and plant ovules}}
{{For|the genus of mites|Chalaza (mite)}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2009}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
The chalaza ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|l|eɪ|z|ə}}; {{etymology|grc|{{Wikt-lang|grc|χάλαζα}} ({{grc-transl|χάλαζα}})|hailstone}}; {{plural form}}: chalazas or chalazae {{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|l|eɪ|z|i}}) is a structure inside bird eggs and plant ovules. It attaches or suspends the yolk or nucellus within the larger structure.
In animals
File:Chicken egg01 monovular.jpg
In the eggs of most birds (not of the reptiles{{Cite book|last=Palmer|first=Brent David|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/103459|title=Functional morphology and biochemistry of reptilian oviducts and eggs : implications for the evolution of reproductive modes in tetrapod vertebrates|date=10 April 1990 }}), the chalazae are two spiral bands of tissue that suspend the yolk in the center of the white (the albumen). The function of the chalazae is to hold the yolk in place. In baking, the chalazae are sometimes removed in order to ensure a uniform texture.
In plants
In plant ovules, the chalaza is located opposite the micropyle opening of the integuments. It is the tissue where the integuments and nucellus are joined. Nutrients from the plant travel through vascular tissue in the funiculus and outer integument through the chalaza into the nucellus. During the development of the embryo sac inside a flowering plant ovule, the three cells at the chalazal end become the antipodal cells.
=Chalazogamy=
In most flowering plants, the pollen tube enters the ovule through the micropyle opening in the integuments for fertilization (porogamy). In chalazogamous fertilization, the pollen tubes penetrate the ovule through the chalaza rather than the micropyle opening.{{cite book|author=Pratiyogita Darpan|title=Competition Science Vision|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ecDAAAAMBAJ|date=September 2006|publisher=Pratiyogita Darpan}}
Chalazogamy was first discovered in monoecious plant species of the family Casuarinaceae by Melchior Treub, but has since then also been observed in others, for example in pistachio and walnut.
Notes
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