chawan

File:Ido chawan Kizaemon.jpg, 16th century, National Treasure]]

File:Tea bowl Furisode Mino ware.jpg Mino ware chawan named "Furisode" (振袖), Azuchi-Momoyama to Edo period, 16th-17th century]]

The chawan originated in China. The earliest chawan in Japan were imported from China between the 13th and the 16th centuries.{{cite book | title=Kodansha encyclopedia of Japan, Volume 2 | year=1983 | publisher=Kodansha | location=Tokyo | isbn=978-0-87011-622-3 | page=[https://archive.org/details/kodanshaencyclop0000koda/page/25 25] | url=https://archive.org/details/kodanshaencyclop0000koda/page/25 }}

The Jian chawan, a Chinese tea bowl known as Tenmoku chawan in Japan, was the preferred tea bowl for the Japanese tea ceremony until the 16th century.{{cite web | title=Jian ware | url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/110861/Jian-ware | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica | accessdate=4 December 2011}} In Japan, tea was also mainly drunk from this Chinese variety of tea bowls until about the 15th century.{{cite book | last=Tsuchiya | first=Yoshio | title=The fine art of Japanese food arrangement |year=2002 | publisher=Kodansha Europe Ltd | location=London | isbn=978-4-7700-2930-0 | page=67}} The Japanese term tenmoku is derived from the name of the Tianmu Mountain, where Japanese priests acquired these tea bowls from Chinese temples to bring back to Japan, according to tradition.{{cite web | title=Tea bowl (China) (91.1.226) | url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/91.1.226 | work=Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | location=New York | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221101901/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/91.1.226|archive-date=21 December 2010}}

An 11th-century resident of Fujian wrote about the Jian tea wares:

:{{cquote| Tea is of light colour and looks best in black cups. The cups made at Jianyang are bluish-black in colour, marked like the fur of a hare. Being of rather thick fabric, they retain the heat, so that when once warmed through, they cool very slowly, and they are additionally valued on this account. None of the cups produced at other places can rival these. Blue and white cups are not used by those who give tea-tasting parties.Bushell, S.W. (1977). Chinese pottery and porcelain. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-580372-8}}.}}

By the end of the Kamakura period (1185–1333), as the custom of tea drinking spread throughout Japan and the Tenmoku chawan became desired by all ranks of society, the Japanese began to make their own copies in Seto (in present-day Aichi Prefecture).{{cite web | last=Ono | first=Yoshihiro | title=Tenmoku Teabowls | url=http://www.kyohaku.go.jp/eng/dictio/data/touji/tenmoku.htm | publisher=Kyoto National Museum | accessdate=26 November 2011 | author2=Rinne, Melissa M. | archive-date=27 September 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927055746/http://www.kyohaku.go.jp/eng/dictio/data/touji/tenmoku.htm | url-status=dead }} Although the Tenmoku chawan was derived from the original Chinese that came in various colors, shapes, and designs, the Japanese particularly liked the bowls with a tapered shape, so most Seto-made Tenmoku chawan had this shape.

With the rise of the wabi tea ceremony in the late Muromachi period (1336–1573), the Ido chawan, which originated from a Met-Saabal or a large bowl used for rice in Korea, also became highly prized in Japan.{{Cite web|url=https://m.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/Mobile/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0000165787|title =일본국보사발은 왜 조선의 제기인가|date =28 January 2004|language = ko}}

These Korean-influenced bowls were favored by the tea master Sen no Rikyū because of their rough simplicity.Sadler, A.L. Cha-No-Yu: The Japanese Tea Ceremony. Tokyo: Tuttle, 1962, 67.

Over time and with the development of the Japanese tea ceremony as a distinct form, local Japanese pottery and porcelain became more highly priced and developed. Around the Edo period, the chawan was often made in Japan.

The most esteemed pieces for a tea ceremony chawan are raku ware, Hagi ware, and Karatsu ware. A saying in the tea ceremony schools for the preferred types of chawan relates: "Raku first, Hagi second, Karatsu third."{{Cite web|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2000/01/22/arts/veteran-of-hagi-continues-rediscovery/#.V7HUAluLS_4|title = Veteran of Hagi continues rediscovery|date = 22 January 2000}}

Another chawan type that became slightly popular during the Edo period from abroad was the Annan ware from Vietnam (Annam), which were originally used there as rice bowls. Annan ware is blue and white, with a high foot.

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A cloth called chakin (茶巾) is used to wipe the bowl clean.

Normally the bowl would be wrapped in an orange turmeric-coloured cloth called ukon-nuno (ウコン布) for storage in the box, which apparently helps ward insects away.

A cloth bag shifuku (仕服) made out of silk or brocade can be used for storage of special tea bowls, especially for tenmoku chawan types. This is supported by four smaller cushions on each side inside the wooden box to help stabilise and protect the bowl. A more simpler cloth bag gomotsu-bukuro (御物袋) can also be used instead.

Japanese chawan have various shapes and types, many of which have specific names:{{cite web |title=Japanese Tea Bowl Shapes |url=http://flyeschool.com/content/japanese-tea-bowl-shapes |website=flyeschool.com}}

• {{nihongo|Circle shape|鉄鉢形|Wa-nari}}{{Cite web |title=鉄鉢形, Wa-nari: Circle Shape Tea Bowls (抹茶茶碗) |url=http://flyeschool.com/content/%E9%89%84%E9%89%A2%E5%BD%A2-wa-nari-circle-shape-tea-bowls-%E6%8A%B9%E8%8C%B6%E8%8C%B6%E7%A2%97 |access-date= |website=flyeschool.com}}
• {{nihongo|Wooden bowl shape|椀形|Wan-nari}}{{Cite web |title=椀形, Wan-nari: Wooden Bowl Shape Tea Bowls (抹茶茶碗) |url=http://flyeschool.com/content/%E6%A4%80%E5%BD%A2-wan-nari-wooden-bowl-shape-tea-bowls-%E6%8A%B9%E8%8C%B6%E8%8C%B6%E7%A2%97 |access-date= |website=flyeschool.com}}
• {{nihongo|Goki type|呉記型|Goki-gata}}{{Cite web |title=呉記型, Goki-gata: Goki Type Tea Bowls (抹茶茶碗) |url=http://flyeschool.com/content/%E5%91%89%E8%A8%98%E5%9E%8B-goki-gata-goki-type-tea-bowls-%E6%8A%B9%E8%8C%B6%E8%8C%B6%E7%A2%97 |access-date= |website=flyeschool.com}}
• {{nihongo|Half cylinder shape|半筒型|Han tsutsu-gata}}{{Cite web |title=半筒型, Han tsutsu-gata: Half Cylinder Shape Tea Bowls (抹茶茶碗) |url=http://flyeschool.com/content/%E5%8D%8A%E7%AD%92%E5%9E%8B-han-tsutsu-gata-half-cylinder-shape-tea-bowls-%E6%8A%B9%E8%8C%B6%E8%8C%B6%E7%A2%97 |access-date= |website=flyeschool.com}}
• {{nihongo|Cylinder type|筒型|Tsutsu-gata}}{{Cite web |title=筒型, Tsutsu-gata: Cylinder Type Tea Bowls (抹茶茶碗) |url=http://flyeschool.com/content/%E7%AD%92%E5%9E%8B-tsutsu-gata-cylinder-type-tea-bowls-%E6%8A%B9%E8%8C%B6%E8%8C%B6%E7%A2%97 |access-date= |website=flyeschool.com}}
• {{nihongo|Go stone box type|碁笥底型|Gokezoko-gata}}
• {{nihongo|Waist type|胴締|Dojimari-gata}}{{Cite web |title=胴締, Dojimari-gata: Waist Type Tea Bowls (抹茶茶碗) |url=http://flyeschool.com/content/%E8%83%B4%E7%B7%A0-dojimari-gata-waist-type-tea-bowls-%E6%8A%B9%E8%8C%B6%E8%8C%B6%E7%A2%97 |access-date= |website=flyeschool.com}}
• {{nihongo|Rider's cup|馬上杯|Bajyohai}}
• {{nihongo|Cedar shape|杉形|Sugi-nari}}{{Cite web |title=杉形, Sugi-nari: Cedar Shape Tea Bowls (抹茶茶碗) |url=http://flyeschool.com/content/%E6%9D%89%E5%BD%A2-sugi-nari-cedar-shape-tea-bowls-%E6%8A%B9%E8%8C%B6%E8%8C%B6%E7%A2%97 |website=flyeschool.com}}
• {{nihongo|Ido or well type|井戸型|Ido-gata}}{{cite web|title=Korean tea bowls imported to Japan|url=http://www.miho.or.jp/booth/html/artcon/00000520.htm|publisher=Miho Museum|language=ja, en}}{{Cite web |title=井戸型, Ido-gata: Ido or Well Type Tea Bowls (抹茶茶碗) |url=http://flyeschool.com/content/%E4%BA%95%E6%88%B8%E5%9E%8B-ido-gata-ido-or-well-type-tea-bowls-%E6%8A%B9%E8%8C%B6%E8%8C%B6%E7%A2%97 |website=flyeschool.com}}
• {{nihongo|Tenmoku type|天目型|Tenmoku-gata}}{{Cite web |title=天目型, Tenmoku-gata: Tenmoku Type Tea Bowls (抹茶茶碗) |url=http://flyeschool.com/content/%E5%A4%A9%E7%9B%AE%E5%9E%8B-tenmoku-gata-tenmoku-type-tea-bowls-%E6%8A%B9%E8%8C%B6%E8%8C%B6%E7%A2%97 |website=flyeschool.com}}
• {{nihongo|Komogai shape|Komogai-nari}}{{Cite web |title=Komogai-nari: Komogai Shape Tea Bowls |url=http://flyeschool.com/content/komogai-nari-komogai-shape-tea-bowls |website=flyeschool.com}} – formerly imported from the Korean port of {{interlanguage link|Ungcheon-dong|lt=|ko|웅천동}} now part of Changwon
• {{nihongo|Curving lip type|端反り型|Hatazori-gata}}
• {{nihongo|Flat shape|平形|Hira-gata}}{{Cite web |title=平形, Hiragata: Flat Shape Tea Bowls (抹茶茶碗) |url=http://flyeschool.com/content/%E5%B9%B3%E5%BD%A2-hiragata-flat-shape-tea-bowls-%E6%8A%B9%E8%8C%B6%E8%8C%B6%E7%A2%97 |website=flyeschool.com}}
• {{nihongo|Horse bucket|馬盥|Badarai}}
• {{nihongo|Clog or shoe shape|沓形|Kutsu-gata}}{{Cite web |title=沓形, Kutsu-gata: Clog or Shoe Shape Tea Bowls (抹茶茶碗) |url=http://flyeschool.com/content/%E6%B2%93%E5%BD%A2-kutsu-gata-clog-or-shoe-shape-tea-bowls-%E6%8A%B9%E8%8C%B6%E8%8C%B6%E7%A2%97 |website=flyeschool.com}}
• {{nihongo|Shoreline type|砂浜形|Suhama-gata}}
• {{nihongo|Peach shape|桃形|Momo-gata}}
• {{nihongo|Brush washer shape|筆洗形|Hissen-gata}}{{Cite web |title=筆洗形, Hissen-gata: Brush Washer Shape Tea Bowls (抹茶茶碗) |url=http://flyeschool.com/content/%E7%AD%86%E6%B4%97%E5%BD%A2-hissen-gata-brush-washer-shape-tea-bowls-%E6%8A%B9%E8%8C%B6%E8%8C%B6%E7%A2%97 |website=flyeschool.com}}
• {{nihongo|Straw hat|編笠|Amikasa}}
• {{nihongo|Triangular shape|三角形|Sankaku-gata}}
• {{nihongo|Four sided shape|四方形|Shiho-gata}}

• {{nihongo|Iron bowl|鉄鉢形 | tetsubachi-nari / teppatsu-nari}}{{cite web | url=https://waka-store.com/blogs/column/chado-reviving-history-through-a-cup-of-tea-1 | title=Chado - Reviving History through a Cup of Tea | date=20 January 2022 }}
• {{nihongo|Silver tenmoku|銀天目茶碗 | silver tea bowl made in the tenmoku style}}

File:Hagi ware Japanese tea bowl, 18th-19th century, Freer Gallery of Art.jpg|{{nihongo|circle shape|鉄鉢形|Wa-nari}}

File:Bowl LACMA M.80.219.18.jpg|{{nihongo|Tenmoku type|天目型|Tenmoku-gata}}

File:Hagi Ido teskål - chawan. Tamamura Shogetsu.jpg|{{nihongo|Ido or well type|井戸型|Ido-gata}}

File:Tea Bowl known as 'Tago no tsuki', Korea, Komogai type, Joseon dynasty, 16th-17th century - Tokyo National Museum - DSC05867 expanded.JPG|{{nihongo|Komogai shape|Komogai-nari}}

File:MET DP244298.jpg|{{nihongo|clog or shoe shape type|沓形|Kutsu-gata}}

File:Iwao Karatsu-ware tea bowl (edited).jpg|{{nihongo|four sided shape type|四方形|Shiho-gata}}

File:Black Raku tea bowl Amadera.jpg|Black raku bowl used for thick tea, Azuchi-Momoyama period, 16th century

The foot (高台 Kōdai) of the Japanese chawan can be in various different shapes and sizes. The most known are:{{Cite web |title=Japanese Tea Bowl Feet |url=http://flyeschool.com/content/japanese-tea-bowl-feet |website=flyeschool.com}}

• Ring foot (輪高台, Wa Kōdai)
• Snake’s eye foot (蛇ノ目高台 or 普通高台, Janome or Futsū Kōdai)
• Double foot (二重高台, Nijū Kōdai)
• Crescent moon foot (三日月高台, Mikazuki Kōdai)
• Shamisen plectrum foot (撥高台, Bachi Kōdai)
• Bamboo node foot (竹節高台, Takenofushi Kōdai)
• Cherry blossom foot (桜高台, Sakura Kōdai)
• Four directions foot (四角高台, Shiho Kōdai)
• Go stone box foot (碁石高台, Gokezoko-Kōdai)
• Nail carved foot (釘彫高台, Kugibori Kōdai)
• Spiral shell foot (貝尻高台, Kaijiri Kōdai)
• Whirlpool foot (渦巻高台, Uzumaki Kōdai)
• Helmet foot (兜巾, Tokin Kōdai)
• Crinkled cloth foot (縮緬高台, Chirimen Kōdai)
• Split foot (割高台, Wari Kōdai)
• Cut foot (切高台, Kiri Kōdai)
• Two split foot (割一文字高台, Wariichimonji Kōdai)
• Bar cut foot (釘彫高台, Kiriichimonji Kōdai)
• Four split foot (割十文字高台, Warijūmonji Kōdai)
• Cross cut foot (切十文字高台, Kirijūmonji Kōdai)

File:Theekom met een crèmekleurig glazuur, AK-MAK-1270.jpg|Split foot (割高台, Wari Kōdai)

File:Theekom met een crèmekleurig glazuur, AK-MAK-729 crop.jpg|Cut foot (切高台, Kiri Kōdai)

File:Theekom met personen en bloemtakken, AK-MAK-827 crop.jpg|Four split foot (割十文字高台, Warijūmonji Kōdai)

• List of Japanese tea ceremony utensils
• Yunomi, teacups used in Japan for everyday use

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• [http://www.jnt.info/ JNT, Joy of the Noble Teacup: International Chawan Exhibition ]
• {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100918020443/http://www.chawanexpo.com/ Official page of an international traveling chawan Exhibition ]}}
• [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/38422/rec/3 A Handbook of Chinese Ceramics] from the Metropolitan Museum of Art

{{Japanese pottery}}

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Category:Chinese pottery

Category:Food preparation utensils

Category:Japanese tea utensils

Category:Teaware

Category:Pottery shapes